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EPPP Key Terms > Test Questions > Flashcards

Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Rosenthal Effect

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

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2
Q

Zeigarnik Effect

A

tendency for people to return to unfinished activities, striving for closure to obtain a sense of completion

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3
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

tendency for people to improve their performance when they are being studied or observed

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4
Q

Halo Effect

A

bias that occurs when a person generalizes from one aspect of a person (person is attractive) to other aspects (person is smart)

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5
Q

ERG Theory

A

includes 3 needs (existence, relatedness, and growth), which are not arranged hierarchically

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6
Q

Frustration-regression

A

satisfying a need makes it stronger

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7
Q

Vroom’s VIE Theory

A

asserts that people will behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy of success and rewards

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8
Q

Overjustification hypothesis

A

based on research that found if external rewards or incentives are offered for activities that had previously been intrinsically motivated, there is a decrease of interest in rewarded activities

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9
Q

Gain-loss theory

A

the people we like most are those who initially didn’t like us and then change their perspective to come to like us; results from feelings that we gained something

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates many homeostatic functions in addition to the sleep-wake cycle, including temperature, hunger, and aggression

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11
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

when faced with a negative outcome, people attribute their own actions to situational factors, but attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors

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12
Q

Self-serving bias

A

occurs when one attributes one’s own success to dispositional factors, while attributing one’s failures to situational factors

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13
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

attribute behavior of others to dispositional factors, while underestimating the role of situational variables

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14
Q

Self-perception theory

A

about attitudes; people infer their attitudes from watching their own behavior

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15
Q

Sensitivity of a test

A

test’s ability to detect true positives

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16
Q

Lewinson

A

depression is caused by a low rate of behavior; other symptoms result from this initial low rate of behavior which is the lack of environment reinforcement; first to develop behavioral activation

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17
Q

Parietal lobes

A

somatosensory processing

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18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

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19
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing

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20
Q

Frontal lobe

A

executive functions such as judgment and planning

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21
Q

Equity Theory

A

looks at the rate of one’s inputs/outcomes vs. others’ inputs/outcomes. Inequity is a motivating state that causes people to adjust their performance until the ratios appear fair

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22
Q

IQ Score Correlations

A
  • siblings reared together: .50
  • siblings reared apart= .25
  • identical twins= .75
  • parent/child= .40 and .45
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23
Q

Rational economic model- classical decision theory

A

exhaustively compiling all relevant information, investigating all possible solutions, choosing the best one

rarely implemented because of time/information gathering limits

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24
Q

Frame-of-reference (FOR) training

A

used to improve the accuracy of performance ratings; provides raters with common performance standards to help raters become clear on god and bad behavior.

Tends to improve agreement among raters

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25
Q

Bipolar Medication

A

Tricyclics NOT good for bipolar- can trigger manic episode

SSRIs and MAOIs can too

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26
Q

Utilization review

A

focuses on costs and conserving resources

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27
Q

Quality assurance

A

focuses on availability, adequacy, and appropriateness of services

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28
Q

Explicit/declarative memory

A

involves conscious recollection of information or knowledge

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29
Q

Implicit memory/procedural memory

A

describes the recollection of skills and physical operations that can be remembered without conscious effort

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30
Q

Episodic memory

A

capacity to recall autobiographical events

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31
Q

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

A

we perceive the world according to what we expect to see; based on past experiences; as experiences change, we revise our expectations

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32
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

people experience world in whole, not affective or cognitive fragments

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33
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

left frontal lobe; difficulties with speech production and fluency

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34
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

located in the temporal lobe; difficulties in speech comprehension

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35
Q

Confabulation

A

recitation of fabricated or imagined information; occurs when a person attempts to fill in memory gaps

Amnesia common in Korsakoff’s syndrome leads to confabulation

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36
Q

Delusion

A

false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary

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37
Q

Malingering

A

feigning of symptoms in order to receive external reward

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38
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

involves forgetting info that occurred before a particular event or point in time

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39
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Preconventional- morality based on consequences of act
Conventional- moral reasoning is guided by desire to maintain existing social laws, rules, and norms
Post-conventional- morality in terms of self-chosen principles

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40
Q

Extinction burst

A

temporary increase in the target behavior following the withholding of reinforcement

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41
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

occurs in classical conditioning and involves the reappearance of the conditioned response (CR) during extinction trials

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42
Q

Structural Family Therapists

A

Minuchin; hierarchies; boundaries; subsystems

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43
Q

Systemic Family Therapy

A

Milan group; circular questioning and hypothesis formation

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44
Q

Backwards conditioning

A

misnomer; results in no conditioning because the subject loses interest after presentation of US

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45
Q

Satiation

A

operant conditinoing term; occurs when a primary reinforcer loses its reinforcing quality from being presented too much; (children and candy)

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46
Q

Habituation

A

classical conditioning terms; occurs when a subject gets used to (habituates) to a stimulus and no longer reacts to it
(moving to place with loud traffic)

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47
Q

Extinction

A

classical conditioning; occurs when a subject gets used to (habituates) to a stimulus and no longer reacts to it

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48
Q

Response rates (strongest to weakest)

A
  1. Variable ratio
  2. fixed ratio
  3. variable interval
  4. fixed interval
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49
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to stimuli that are similar to the CS

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50
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

ability to discriminate because the CS and similar stimuli and only respond to CS with a CR

established through discrimination training- selective reinforcement and extinction

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51
Q

Experimental neurosis

A

acute neurosis- occurs when asked to make difficult discriminations (Circle vs. ellipsis)

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52
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

occurs when previously established CS serves as a US to establish CR

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53
Q

Reinforcement/punishment

A

Reinforcement- always increases target behavior

Punishment- always decreases behavior

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54
Q

Positive/negative reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement- reward- something of value is given- state= desirable

Negative reinforcement- relief- something annoying/aversive is removed- state=desirable

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55
Q

Positive vs. negative punishment

A

Positive punishment= pain; after target behavior performed; something aversive is added (state= undesirable)

Negative punishment- loss- something valuable is removed- state= undesirable

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56
Q

Anosognosia

A

lack of awareness of a disability

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57
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize a specific sensory stimulus (e.g. objects, shapes, sounds, smells)

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58
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing familiar faces

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59
Q

Hemispatial neglect

A

one-sided neglect; results from damage to right hemisphere and results in a lack of awareness of objects on the left side

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60
Q

Contralateral vs. ipsilateral

A

Contralateral- opposite side

Ipsilateral- same side

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61
Q

Bipolar Disorder Medication

A

prescribed lithium or anticonvulsant (Tegretol, Neurotonin, Depakote)

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62
Q

Antihypertensive medications

A

includes diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers

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63
Q

L-Dopa

A

Anti-Parkinsonian medication

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64
Q

Anti-alcohol medications

A

Antabuse; Naltrexone

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65
Q

Dopamine

A

Pyschotic symptoms- too much dopamine

Parkinson’s Disease- too little dopamine

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66
Q

Expert power

A

holder has special knowledge or expertise

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67
Q

Reward power

A

holder’s ability to reward others

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68
Q

Coercive power

A

holder’s ability to punish others

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69
Q

Legitimate power

A

holder’s valid authority in given situation

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70
Q

Referent power-

A

person’s attraction to or desire to be like holder of power

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71
Q

Informational power

A

person’s possession of specific, desired piece of information

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72
Q

Incremental power

A

combination of expert and referent power; most common reason for subordinates complying with supervisors requests

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73
Q

Donald Super

A

career maturity is achieved when a person successfully accomplishes the career-related developmental tasks

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74
Q

John Holland

A

job satisfaction occurs when there is a good fit between a person’s personality and work environment

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75
Q

John Krumboltz

A

social learning theory of career development environmental conditions, genetics, learning experience

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76
Q

Counterconditioning

A

two incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time; stranger response will dominate/inhibit weaker response

weaken maladaptive response by strengthening incompatible response

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77
Q

Assertiveness training

A

assertive behaviors are incompatible with anxiety

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78
Q

Sensate focus

A

reduce anxiety aroused by sexual situations

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79
Q

Aversion therapy-

A

uses responses to aversive stimuli to inhibit a previous conditioned response of pleasure

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80
Q

Escape paradigm

A

aversive stimulus cannot be avoided, however, one can get the aversive stimulus to stop by emitting desired behavior

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81
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective on phobias

A

problematic feelings are being displaced from true source onto a neutral object

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82
Q

Projection

A

denying one’s own feelings/thoughts; believing someone else feels them

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83
Q

Reaction formation

A

feeling or behaving in a manner opposite of how one actually feels

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84
Q

Splitting

A

keeping separate the positive + negative attributes of self (good vs. bad mommy)

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85
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Triad of Depression

A
  1. Negative view of self as defective/inadequate
  2. Tendency to experience world as negative, interpret events negatively, expect failure/punishment
  3. Expectation of continued hardship.negative appraisal of future
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86
Q

Rehm’s Self-Control Model of Depression

A

depression results from high rates of self-punishment and low rates of self-reinforcement

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87
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

emphasizes the reintegration of aspects of oneself that have been blocked from awareness

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88
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

emphasizes the impact of internalized representations of early interpersonal experiences

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89
Q

Phenomenological Approach

A

understanding subjective experiences

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90
Q

Introjection

A

taking things in whole; gullible/compliant; uncritically absorbing info w/o actually understanding or assimilating

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91
Q

Retroflection

A

person does to self what they want to do to others

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92
Q

Deflection

A

avoidance of contact and/or awareness by being vague, indirect, or overly polite

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93
Q

Confluence

A

does not experience self as distinct; self is merged into beliefs, attitudes, and feelings of others

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94
Q

Reality Therapy- Glasser

A

characterized by an emphasis on responsibility, clarification of values, and evaluation of behavior

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95
Q

Bowen’s Family Systems Therapy

A

differentiation

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96
Q

Stable coalution

A

Minuchin- cross generational coalition in which one parent and child unite against other parent

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97
Q

Triangulation

A

occurs when a child is caught in the middle of the parents’ conflict

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98
Q

Detouring

A

spouses reinforce deviant behavior in child because it takes focus off problems they are having with each other

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99
Q

Social facilitation

A

enhances performance of simple, well-learned behavior, but impairs performance on complex, newly-learned behaviors; i.e. bicycling

100
Q

Deindividuation

A

tendency for people in groups to act in ways they would not act individually

101
Q

Inoculation model of persuasion

A

proposes that people can build resistance to persuasion by being presented with mild arguments opposed to their position, and then being given refutations for those arguments

102
Q

Pet Scan of Schizophrenia

A

decreased activity/metabolic rates in frontal lobes

103
Q

Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

A

Early adulthood

Age 30/setting down- establishes patterns appropriate for adult life

Middle adulthood- 40-45- changes from “time since birth” to “time left to live”

Late adulthood

104
Q

Personal fable

A

adolescent’s beliefs that they are special and that the rules that govern the behavior of others do not apply to them

105
Q

Imaginary audience

A

feelings people are as concerned with the adolescent’s appearance or behavior as the adolescent is

106
Q

Marci’s Identity Status

A

Identity defusion- have not undergone identity crisis and are not committed to an identity

Identity foreclosure- strong commitment to identity was not outcome of identity crisis but was suggested by someone else

Identity moratorium- having identity crisis and is actively exploring different options and beliefs

Identity achievement- resolved identity crisis and is committed to a particular identity

107
Q

Concordance rate for schizophrenia

A

Monozygotic twins= 50%
Dizygotic twins/siblings= 10-15%
General population= <1%

108
Q

Bipolar Concordance

A

Monozygotic twins= 80%

Dizygotic twins or siblings= 20-25%

109
Q

Mild vs. major neurocognitive disorder

A

Mild= moderate cognitive decline; deficits do not interfere with independent functioning

Major= significant cognitive decline and deficits interfere with independent functioning

110
Q

MDD with peripartum onset vs. baby blues

A

MDD= occurs in about 10-15% of new mothers

Postpartum/baby blues= 50-80% of new mothers

111
Q

Schizophreniform vs. schizophrenia

A

Schizophreniform= 1-6 months

Schizophrenia= 6+ months

112
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

highly inaccurate; involve memories of distinct, significant events that are usually traumatic in nature; vivid details

113
Q

Procedural memories/implicit

A

Involves the recollection of skills, physical operations, and procedures that are remembered automatically without conscious awareness

114
Q

Episodic memory/explicit

A

ability to remember autobiographical events

115
Q

Source memory

A

refers to the ability to remember the source where information was learned

116
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering that one had planned to do something at a specific time

117
Q

Semantic memory- explicit

A

memory for words and facts

118
Q

2 types short term memory

A

Primary memory- holding tank for small amounts of info that do not require manipulation

Working memory- not only hold info, but manipulate it

119
Q

Sensory memory

A

largely accurate, but short-lived (Seconds); involves transforming incoming data into visual (iconic) or auditory (echoic) images that can only be briefly remembered

120
Q

Serial position effect

A

Delayed recall- remember items first on a list

Immediate recall- remember items first and lost on list

121
Q

Theory of Schematic Memory

A

memory for events is structured according to mental schemas, which affect what information is selected to be remembered (remember robbery when eating at restaurant)

122
Q

MMPI

A

K- guardedness- high score= faking good

F- infrequency; elevations= psychosis, significant distress or faking bad

123
Q

Ipsative scores

A

provide info about the relative strengths and weaknesses of an individual without comparison to others

124
Q

Elderly memory

A

problems with elderly are due more to retrieval than encoding

125
Q

Forced distribution

A

comparative method of employee evaluation in which people are ranked to fit a given distribution; compares an employee to all other employees in a work group

126
Q

Idioms of distress

A

culturally preferred ways of expressing distress

127
Q

Apraxia

A

loss of ability to carry out learned/familiar movements; despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements

128
Q

Agosia

A

inability to recognize familiar objects

129
Q

Ataxia

A

problems with gait

130
Q

Alogia

A

poverty of speech

131
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand/express speech

132
Q

Cri-du-chat

A

cat’s cry; noninherited condition caused by chromosomal deletion; mental retardation/delayed development; high-pitched cry

133
Q

Multifinality vs. equifinality

A

Multifinality- phenomenon that similar initial conditions may result in different outcomes

Equifinality- opposite; different initial conditions lead to the same outcome

134
Q

Immigrants and hospitalization

A

There are higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization for immigrants

Psychiatric problems peak between 1 year and 3 years after arrival into the new culture

135
Q

Better prognosis for schizophrenia

A

Abrupt onset; late onset; fewer negative symptoms; and female gender

136
Q

Quality control circles

A

Goal: to improve finished product and level of production

Method: increasing workers’ responsibility for their work, as well as increasing their participation in decisions affecting the nature of the work; 7-10 employees from same department

137
Q

Testing-of-limits

A

done when an evaluator wants to gain additional info about an examinee who is struggling subtests given again with steps to facilitate performance

138
Q

Herzberg

A

motivation increases when upper level needs are met

Upper level needs- job enrichment, authority, freedom

Lower level needs- hygiene factors- result in dissatisfaction when they are not met; pay; but believed to increase satisfaction or motivation when they are met

139
Q

Kinesics

A

body movements- facial expressions, gestures, physical contact

140
Q

Proxemics

A

refer to the perception and use of personal space

141
Q

Paralanguage

A

refers to vocal cues, such as loudness, pauses, rate of speech, silences, and inflections

142
Q

Context dependent memory

A

easier to recall info int he same environment in which it was originally acquired

143
Q

State dependent memory

A

tendency for people to remember material better if their state of mind matches that of when they learned it

144
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

a similar mood acts as a retrieval cue for recall of past information

145
Q

Types of long-term memory

A

Recent memory- aspect of long-term memory that lasts for up to 2 weeks

Remote memory- memory of information stored for 2 weeks or more

146
Q

Social referencing

A

person’s use of cues from another person to deal with affective uncertainty

147
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

lethal side effect associated with Clozapine; a novel, sudden drop in granulocyte count, usually occurring within hours to 12 weeks; sore throat/fever

148
Q

Hypertensive crisis

A

MAOIs + foods/drinks with tyramine= hypertensive crisis

headache, stiff neck, sweating, nausea, vomiting

149
Q

Lithium toxicity

A

potentially fatal; mimics flu, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, ataxia, coma, seizures, confusion, increased heartbeat

150
Q

2 types of conformity

A

Informational conformity- using other’s behavior as a source of accurate info in order to avoid mistakes, particularly when individual is unsure of accuracy; want to be correct (lines example)

Normative conformity- conformity that occurs in order to be liked/accepted (applause example)

151
Q

Covert sensitization/aversive counterconditioning

A

Pairing an aversive CS with pleasurable CS

152
Q

Irreversibility

A

inability to understand that actions can be reversed

153
Q

Centration

A

tendency to focus on one detail of situation to neglect of other important features

154
Q

Egocentric thinking

A

child’s inability to take the physical perspective of the other person

155
Q

Constructivism

A

a person develops new knowledge based on a foundation of previous learning, and by interacting with objects and events in the environment; emphasis on student instead of teacher

156
Q

Taylor Russell Tables

A

book of tables that is used to determine the amount of improvement that occurs when a predictor test is used in making selection/hiring decisions without the test. Uses data on selection ratio, base rate, and criterion-related validity of the predictor test

157
Q

Schacter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion

A

after perceiving an event, we initially have a physical or autonomic reaction; then cognitively appraise situation, and then experience emotions

158
Q

James Lange Theory

A

one first has an autonomic or physiological reaction, and then an interpretation of the physiological reaction, which becomes the emotional reaction

Physiological changes cause emotions

159
Q

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotions

A

upon perceiving an event, we experience a physiological reaction and an emotional reaction at the same time. When an event is encountered, messages are sent simultaneously to the hypothalamus and limbic system

160
Q

Vroom and Yetton’s Normative Model

A

five styles of leader behavior that can be placed on a continuum, ranging from autocratic to complete participation. The most effective style of leadership in any given situation depends upon the importance of the decision, the time needed to reach the decision, and the extent to which the decision is accepted by the employees.

161
Q

House’s Path-Goal Theory

A

deals with the ways in which leaders can help employees achieve their goals, using one of four styles: directive leadership, supportive leadership, participative leadership, and achievement-oriented leadership. The most effective leadership style is dependent on the subordinates and the situation

162
Q

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory

A

the effectiveness of the style of leadership is based on the type of leader and the nature of the situation. A leader is classified as either task or relationship oriented. A task oriented leader is most effective in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations. A relationship-oriented leader is most effective in moderately favorable situations .

163
Q

Graen’s Leader-Member Exchange Theory

A

focuses on the impact of the leader-subordinate relationship on the leadership process. In this theory, employees are classified as in-group (those who are viewed as competent and motivated) and out-group (considered incompetent and unmotivated). Leadership style is classified as supervisory, which is based on formal authority, and leadership in which the leader exerts influence through persuasion. Leaders use the leadership approach with in-group subordinates and use the supervisory approach with out-group employees

164
Q

Word association

A

involves forming words or sentences with the first letter of the items being memorized (Acronyms) or making up stories that connect the items together

165
Q

Method of loci

A

involves first forming a mental image of a walk through a certain physical location, such as a house. The person then forms a visual image of the words on a list, putting each in a specific place as he or she mentally walks through the house.

166
Q

Pegword system

A

involves first memorizing a set of ten visual images that can later by pegs on which to hang ideas. Then the person associates each image with what is to be remembered.

167
Q

Substitute word technique

A

person breaks down the word to be remembered into parts, and substitutes words that are more familiar and can be visualized.

168
Q

Minority marginalization

A

A person who neither associates with persons from his or her own culture nor with persons from the majority culture

169
Q

Banding

A

process whereby a range of scores obtained by numerous applicants on a test is essentially considered to be the same score.

170
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

people are concerned with the costs and benefits of being in a relationship. When costs outweigh rewards, social attraction declines

171
Q

Similarity hypothesis

A

people similar in social background and values tend to form intimate relationships

172
Q

Reciprocity theory

A

people tend to like others who like them

173
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other

174
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to only look at confirmatory evidence while ignoring contradictory evidence

175
Q

Congruence bias

A

only directly tests a hypothesis; does not indirectly test hypothesis

176
Q

Selection bias

A

threat to internal validity that occurs when subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment groups

177
Q

MANOVA vs. ANOVA

A

MANOVA can and should be run when there is more than one dependent variable in a research study

ANOVA can accommodate more than one independent variable

178
Q

False belief task

A

develops at age 4; child understands that other people can have false beliefs about the world than she has (ball red/blue boxes)

179
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

while a moderate level of arousal or anxiety is optimal for task performance, high and low levels of arousal can decrease performance

180
Q

Disjunctive task

A

final product is the performance of the best member of the group

181
Q

Conjunctive task

A

the group’s accomplishment is limited by the least effective member’s performance

182
Q

Additive task

A

group member’s separate performances are added to produce a combined effect

183
Q

Kuder Richardson

A

measure of test reliability; internal consistency derived by analyzing all possible split-halves

184
Q

EEG recording

A

best way to localize source of seizure

185
Q

MRI

A

good at looking at soft tissue such as a brain matter, brain structure, degree of pathology

186
Q

PET scans

A

provide information on brain functioning using dyes that link up with brain chemicals such as glucose

187
Q

Deep Dyslexia

A

involves semantic errors; mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning

188
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

person cannot recognize words, and instead, sounds them out

189
Q

Redintegration

A

type of remembering that occurs when something (e.g. a smell) unlocks a rapid chain of memories

190
Q

Akathisia

A

the most common side effect of antipsychotic medications, refers to feelings of dysphoria and internal sense of restlessness

191
Q

Akinesia

A

apathy and decrease in voluntary movements

192
Q

Power (significant results)

A

greater chance of power when sample size is large, one tailed test is used, and the alpha is high

193
Q

Beta error

A

the failure to find group differences when group differences actually exist; higher beta= less likely to find power

194
Q

Social inhibition

A

refers to inhibition (or worsening) of performance, when a novel or complex task is performed in a group

195
Q

Social dilemmas

A

participants are rewarded in the short run for competing rather than cooperating, even though all participant would benefit more in the long run by consistently cooperating

196
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

mental illness results from a combination of nature and nurture ; used to explain schizophrenia

197
Q

Health Belief Model

A

asserts that people’s beliefs about their own health are an important determinant of how they engage in health-related behaviors

198
Q

Stereotypic movement disorder

A

characterized by motor behavior that is repetitive and nonfunctional; diagnosis only made if repetitive behaviors cannot be accounted for by another diagnosis, such as OCD or a tic disorder

199
Q

Sandra Bem’s Gender Schema Theory

A

gender roles are predominately determined by culture and social learning; altered over time by experience

200
Q

Post-concussion syndrome

A

characterized by somatic and psychological symptoms: irritability, fatigue, headache, and dizziness

201
Q

Melanie Klein

A

Object relations theorist; treatment focus is on recognizing and modifying the impact of problematic early object-relationships

202
Q

Neo-Freudians (Sullivan/Horney)

A

view psychological disturbance as the result of faulty learning and as consisting of a characterologically maladaptive style of interacting with the environment; focus on both social and cultural factors

203
Q

Adlerian Therapy

A

deals with faulty life-styles that involve a struggle for power as a means of compensating for feelings of inferiority

204
Q

Ego psychology (Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann)

A

focus on capacities for integration and adaptation

205
Q

Alloplastic vs. autoplastic reactions

A

Alloplastic reactions- trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment

Autoplastic reactions- trying to change oneself or blaming oneself

206
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

brain disorder that develops suddenly and involves three sets of symptoms: eye problems, gait and balance problems, and drowsiness and confusion; results from a deficiency in thiamine, with the most common cause being chronic alcohol use

207
Q

Autocorrelation

A

when the same subject is measured repeatedly, the measures demonstrate a high degree of correlation

208
Q

Decalage

A

unevenness in development in any area, but it is most commonly applied to cognitive, emotional, and moral development

209
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure- grand mal

A

episodes of convulsions, unconsciousness and muscle rigidity

person falls into deep sleep

210
Q

Generalized absence seizure- petit mal

A

involve very brief loss of consciousness with few/no other symptoms; no deep sleep

211
Q

Complex partial seizures- temporal lobe seizures

A

complex= impact consciousness

involuntary chewing, lip smacking, fidgeting, walking in circles

212
Q

Simple partial seizures

A

Jacksonian seizures; no loss of consciousness; affect only one side

213
Q

Utility analysis

A

quantitative research method that measures the effectiveness of an intervention in the workplace in terms of the dollar value of the benefits generated; dollar value based on the improvement in worker productivity

214
Q

Factitious disorder

A

characterized by intentional feigning of physical or psychological symptoms, or by creation of injury or disease

215
Q

Lazarus’s theory of cognitive appraisal

A

primary appraisal- a situation is initially judged as being positive, stressful, or irrelevant to personal well-being

secondary appraisal- an evaluation of the resources the individual has available to cope with the situation

person experiences stress when he believes he lacks the resources to deal with difficult events

216
Q

Reactance

A

occurs when people feel pressured by a message and increase their resistance to persuasion

217
Q

Chronic otitis media

A

chronic middle ear infections; demonstrate long-term deficits in language capacities, such as vocabulary

218
Q

Type of drug used to treat chronic pain

A

Anti-depressants

219
Q

Retrograde inhibition/interference

A

occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information

220
Q

Proactive interference

A

occurs when previously learned material interferes with the recall of newly learned information

221
Q

Implosive therapy

A

involves exposure in imagination only and includes the exploration of psychosexual themes

222
Q

Teratogen

A

any agent that can cause birth defects (medications, viruses, radiation)

embryo most vulnerable to teratogenic agents during first 8 weeks

223
Q

Basal ganglia

A

involved in initiation of movement

224
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

reinforcers that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (e.g. food)

225
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

A

money/tokens; take on reinforcing value by providing access to other reinforcers

226
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

acquires reinforcing value only through experience

227
Q

Neuroleptics

A

antipsychotics; best treatment for elderly patients with paranoia

228
Q

Interval recording

A

used when a behavior has no clear beginning, middle, or end

229
Q

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-2)

A

brief screening instrument for cognitive impairment

230
Q

Handedness

A

preference first expresses itself at age 2; firmly established by age 7 to 8

231
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

process by which short-term memories become long-term memories

232
Q

Premack Principle

A

A frequently performed behavior is used to reinforce an infrequently performed target behavior (

233
Q

Barnum Effect

A

people’s tendency to agree that vague descriptions apply to them (e.g horoscopes)

234
Q

Acetylcholine Disorder

A

Alzheimer’s

235
Q

Dopamine Disorder

A

Schizoprehnia and Parkinson’s Disease

236
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood disorders

237
Q

Thorndike Law of Effect

A

proposes that people repeat behavior that have positive consequences

238
Q

Tolman

A

latent learning

239
Q

DNA and RNA have an effect on

A

memory

240
Q

Marlatt’s approach to treatment of substance use

A

sees relapse as a natural part of recovery that can be minimized but not avoided

241
Q

Sleeper effect

A

The tendency to remember a message, but over time, but forget the source of the message. May eventually adopt an attitude/belief that was originally communicated to them by a low-credible source

242
Q

Balance theory

A

based on the principle of cognitive consistency; proposes that having inconsistent attitudes produces a state of discomfort that leads to attitude change

243
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

a model of attitude change; proposes two routes of persuasion: central and peripheral routes- which differ in terms of the degree to which a persuasive message is elaborated (processed) by the recipient

244
Q

Contingency management

A

identifying and applying punishments for undesirable behaviors and identifying and applying reinforcement for desirable ones

245
Q

Four stages of neural development

A

Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination

246
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

used to quantify a patient’s level of consciousness following a traumatic brain injury and entails assigning scores for three functions- eye response, verbal response, and motor response

247
Q

interoceptive exposure

A

exposure to bodily sensations associated with anxiety reactions

EPPP Key Terms (12 decks)

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