Test questions Flashcards
As a result of an endocardial infection, your patient suffers a rupture of the chordae tendineae of the right ventricle. This is likely to result in an alteration of blood flow that will cause what and where would it be heard?
Bicuspid regurgitation.
Heard in the right atrium as a systolic murmur (right fifth intercostal space at the sternal border)
Where is the structure responsible for controlling the length of time between atrial systole and ventricular systole?
He is referring to the AV node which is found in the interatrial septum
Which birth development defects will cause cyanosis at brith
All related to the Aorticopulmonary septum formation:
1. transposition of the great arteries
- Pulmonary deviation of the aorticopulmonary septum
- persistent truncus arteriosus.
Why is the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus higher in pre-term babies than in full term babies?
Underdevelopment of alveoli of the lung in pre-term babies results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood in the pulmonary circuit.
Also level of circulating prostaglandin is too high in preterm babies to allow closure of the ductus
What is increased levels of B-type natriuretic factor indicative of?
Congestive heart failure
Edrophonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to test for myasthenia gravis. Which of the following is a likely side-effect that could directly result from administration of edrophonium?
Cholinesterase inhibitor would inhibit the degeneration of cholines. This likely points to the function of parasympathetics. Bradycardia would be one likely result.
Epicardial cronoary vasoconstrction can be prevented if a certain drug is administered prior to a procedure. Which class of drug would be most effective for this purpose?
Alpha-adrenergic antagonist
What is the best way to lower cardiac sympathetic tone?
Beta1 antagonist
A healthy 30 year old woman has been undergoing intesne exercise. Relative to resting conditions, what would happen to her ESPVR
(End systolic volume is decreased)
(End diastolic volume is increased)
Cardiac output is increased.
The ESPVR is shifted upward and leftward.
A 50 year old develops bradycardia due to SA node dysfunction resulting in junctional escape rhythm and retrograde atrial conduction. Which finding would most likley be in leads 2 and aVF
Increased RR interval
Inverse P waves (retrograde atrial conduction)
What would blocking L-type calcium channel do?
It would reduce contractility of the cardiac ventricular myocyte
Peak force of contraction of the left ventricular myocytes is best represented by which phase on a EKG
S phase
At which phase of the EKG would the first heart sound be heard.
Closure of the AV valves will be heard at R phase
Which conditions lead to a widened QRS complex?
- Bundle branch block
- PVCs
- Ventricular tachycardia
What are the four characteristics of ventricular fibrillation?
- can be caused by reentry
- no discernible P waves
- uncoordinated, rapid myofibril contractions
- uncoordinated ventricular depolarizations
What are the three characteristics of premature ventricular contractions
- No p wave associated with QRS
- Widened QRS
- may involve reentry
what are the 5 qualities of AV junctional tachycardia
Regular rhythm Supraventricular tachycardia may involve reentry Inverted P waves AV nodal dysfunction
What are the six characteristics of Atrial fibrillation
- frequent origin is Right and left superior pulmonary veins
- no P waves
- some atrial impulses are conducted to ventricles
- non-coordinated rapid myofibril contractions (atrial)
- supraventricular tachycardia
- may involve reentry
What four things are in the posterior mediastinum?
- Thoracic aorta
- thoracic duct
- Azygos vein
- Esophagus
What is the only thing in the anterior mediastinum?
Thymus
What are in the superior mediastinum?
- left/right brachiocephalic veins
- superior vena cava
- thoracic duct
- ascending aorta
- left common carotid artery
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left subclavian artery
- descending aorta
- aortic arch
- vagus nerve
- recurrent laryngeal
- ligamentum arteriosus
What does the left coronary artery supply?
The left ventricle, left atrium and interventricular septum.
What does the right coronary artery supply?
The right ventricle
right atrium
SA node
AV node
Where does the right vagus nerve pass relative to the arch of the azygos?
What does the septomarginal trabecula contain?
The right vagus goes medial to it
The moderator band contains conducting fibers of the right bundle branch which is a shortcut to the anterior papillary muscle.
