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exams 1-3 questions for final

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A comparative experiment:

A

compares data from different population

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2
Q

What is a model species?

A

a species used to test ideas relating to a closely related but harder to study species

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3
Q

What forms the basis of the scientific method?

A

observations

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4
Q

What provides the best evidence of past climate going back 800,000 years?

A

ice cores

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5
Q

Which is not a consequence of the oceans warming up?

A. increased number of stronger storms
B. reduced ability of animals to make shells
C. increased ice formation at the poles
D. corals become bleached

A

C. increased ice formation at the poles

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals

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7
Q

Mutations can restore…

A

variation that is lost by other forms of selection

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8
Q

Genetic drift has a greater effect on _____ populations.

A

small

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9
Q

A population bottleneck has a similar selective effect as:

A

founder effect

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10
Q

What is the correct equation for calculating gene frequencies for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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11
Q

stabilizing selection

A

form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average phenotypes are more fit

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12
Q

disruptive selection

A

form of selection in which individuals of average phenotype are less fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; extremes are favored

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13
Q

directional selection

A

form of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes

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14
Q

what is one disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

it breaks up advantageous gene combinations

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15
Q

Surface area increases ____ than volume, making it harder to move resources into larger organisms.

A

slower

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16
Q

Macroevolution can be observed ______.

A

in the fossil record

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17
Q

trade-off

A

when one trait cannot increase without a decrease in another

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18
Q

what is a synapomorphy?

A

an ancestral trait

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19
Q

outgroup

A

serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup

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20
Q

______ do not evolve, ______ do

A

individuals, populations

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21
Q

In the Dobzhansky-Muller model, different ______ become fixed at different ______.

A

alleles, loci

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22
Q

The morphological species concept focuses on:

A

physical characteristics of organisms

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23
Q

When 2 species reproduce and create a hybrid offspring, and their offspring is unable to reproduce, this is:

A

hybrid infertility

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24
Q

A species of salamander begins to diverge around both sides of a geographical barrier. When that species eventually interacts on the opposite side of the barrier, it cannot reproduce successfully, even though all the adjacent populations can. This is an example of:

A. ring species
B. hybrid infertility
C. temporal isolation
D. sympatric speciation

A

A. ring species

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25
Q
  1. Some plants are able to self-fertilize. If an error occurs in one of these plants and 2 diploid gametes combine to form a tetraploid individual, this form of speciation is called: (Note - diploid is 2 sets of chromosomes, tetraploid is 4 sets of chromosomes)

A. mechanical isolation
B. autopolyploidy
C. allopolyploidy
D. hybrid infertility

A

B. autopolyploidy

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26
Q

A river changes course and divides a population of snails. The snails on either side of the river begin to evolve according to different selective pressures. This is an example of:
A. sympatric speciation
B. allopatric speciation
C. biological species concept
D. polyploidy

A

B. allopatric speciation

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27
Q

Earth’s history is recorded in rock layers called:
A) strata
B. fossils
C. radiometric dating
B. igneous rocks

A

A) strata

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28
Q
  1. Using the decay of an amount of radioactive atoms into a stable form to calculate the age of of a rock is called:
    A. paleomagnetic dating
    B. radiometric dating
    C. relative dating
    D. speed dating
A

B. radiometric dating

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29
Q

We can use minerals that orient themselves to the Earth’s magnetic field to date rocks, in a method called:
A. paleomagnetic dating
B. radiometric dating
C. relative dating
D. speed dating

A

A. paleomagnetic dating

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30
Q

A population of sharks was reduced from 10,000 to 100 individuals Those individuals are now having a harder time finding each other in order to reproduce. This is an example of:

A. the Dobzhansky-Muller model
B. prezygotic isolation mechanisms
C. the allee effect
D. transform plate boundary

A

C. the allee effect

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31
Q

In a convergent boundary:

A. the tectonic plates slide past each other
B. the tectonic plates smash into each other
C. the tectonic plates move away from each other
D. the tectonic plates do not move

A

B. the tectonic plates smash into each other

32
Q

Major glaciations can cause which of the following:

A. block sunlight
B. ejection of Sulphur dioxide
C. create new oceans
D. decrease sea level

A

D. decrease sea level

33
Q

The eon when Earth was still cooling down and had a liquid magma ocean was:

A. Cenozoic
B. Mesozoic
C. Archaen
D. Hadean

A

D. Hadean

34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a fossil:

A. a burrow filled in with hardened sediment
B. a seashell embedded in a rock
C. an igneous rock
D. footprints in solidified ash

A

C. an igneous rock

35
Q

You observe of series of rock strata and see a small fossil shell in one layer, and a fossil insect in the layer above it. Which of the following statements is true:

A. the fossil insect is younger than the fossil shell
B. the fossil shell is younger than the fossil insect
C. the 2 fossils are the same age
D. you cannot tell which is older

A

A. the fossil insect is younger than the fossil shell

36
Q

A gram-positive bacteria has a (thick/thin) layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and stains (red/violet) with the Gram Stain.

A

thick, violet

37
Q

Antibiotic resistance can spread when surviving bacteria transfer part of their genome to another species of bacteria, in a process called:

A

Lateral gene transfer

38
Q

The earliest bacterial life enjoyed a ____ environment.

A

very hot

39
Q

You observe a bacteria under a high-powered microscope. It has chlorophyll a and can photosynthesize. You are likely observing a:

A

cyanobacteria

40
Q

Archaeans are mostly observed:

A

as environmental DNA

41
Q

The community of prokaryotes that live in and on us is called the:

A

microbiome

42
Q

Eukaryotic mitochondria are derived from:

A

proteobacteria

43
Q

The eukaryotic nucleus is derived from which structure?

A

flexible plasma membrane

44
Q

conjugation(exchange of genetic material between 2 individuals) between protists) is what kind of process?

A

sexual

45
Q

sex vs. reproduction

A

exchange of genetic material vs. creation of new individual

46
Q

Eukaryote mitochondria is derived from:

A

proteobacteria

47
Q

During primary endosymbiosis, an early eukaryote consumed a:

A

cyanobacterium

48
Q

Which organism uses long, thin pseudopods for locomotion?

A

rhizarians

49
Q

Diatoms and ________ can form red tides.

A

Dinoflagellates

50
Q

_____ results in 4 non-identical haploid cells.

A

meiosis

51
Q

_____ results in 2 identical diploid cells.

A

mitosis

52
Q

What is the structure on the underside of leaves that allows the plant to bring in CO2 and release O2/water vapor?

A

stomata

53
Q

Which kind of organism was engulfed and became the chloroplasts of land plants?

A

cyanobacteria

54
Q

the ______ develops into the female gametophyte, and the ______ develops into the male gametophyte.

A

megaspore, microspore

55
Q

Land plants (Embryophytes) are united by the synapomorphy:

A

embryo is protected by the parent plant

56
Q

A non-seed plant with a smaller gametophyte and larger sporophyte (long leaves with branching vascular strands) is a:

A

fern

57
Q

Phloem allows for the transport of:

A

products of photosynthesis

58
Q

Water loss from the sun heating the plant is blocked by the plants’:

A

cuticle

59
Q

A small green plant growing in a wet nook in a rock with a flat green gametophyte and sporophytes like horns is a:

A

hornwort

60
Q

A major trend in the plant evolution is the reduction of the _______ and placing greater emphasis on the _______.

A

gametophyte, sporophyte

61
Q

Which feature allowed plants to successfully reproduce without the presence of water?

A

seeds

62
Q

Gymnosperms are pollinated by:

A

wind

63
Q

In angiosperm double fertilization, the first sperm fertilizes the egg to make a diploid embryo. What is the role of the second sperm?

A

combine with a haploid nuclei from the female to create the endosperm

64
Q

A plant that looks like a palm but shorter and has a relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria which makes it toxic is a:

A

cycad

65
Q

Smelly flowers attract _____ pollinators while odorless flowers attract _____ pollinators.

A

insect, bird

66
Q

A perfect flower includes:

A

male and female parts

67
Q

Plants benefit from mycorrhizae by:

A

absorbing more water

68
Q

A mycelium has a ______ surface area-to-volume ratio.

A

high

69
Q

Sexual reproduction in fungi includes:

A

2 different mating types

70
Q

Sexual reproduction in some fungus includes combining cytoplasm (_______) and combining nuclei (______).

A

plasmogamy, karyogamy

71
Q

Put these events in chronological order.

primary endosymbiosis, development of flowers, development of cuticle, development of vascular tissues, water no longer necessary for reproduction, colonizing the land

A
  1. Primary endosymbiosis
  2. Colonizing the land
  3. Development of vascular tissues
  4. Development of cuticle
  5. Water no longer necessary for reproduction
  6. Development of flowers
72
Q

A structure that is used to attract animals and aid in seed dispersal

A

Fruit

73
Q

The female gametophyte of a seed plant and the protective integument

A

Ovule

74
Q

A protective structure containing a plant embryo and nutrition

A

Seed

75
Q

The male gametophyte of seed plants that is covered in a tough protective layer

A

Pollen

biology (6 decks)

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