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exams 1-3 questions for final

1
Q

A comparative experiment:

A

compares data from different population

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2
Q

What is a model species?

A

a species used to test ideas relating to a closely related but harder to study species

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3
Q

What forms the basis of the scientific method?

A

observations

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4
Q

What provides the best evidence of past climate going back 800,000 years?

A

ice cores

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5
Q

Which is not a consequence of the oceans warming up?

A. increased number of stronger storms
B. reduced ability of animals to make shells
C. increased ice formation at the poles
D. corals become bleached

A

C. increased ice formation at the poles

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals

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7
Q

Mutations can restore…

A

variation that is lost by other forms of selection

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8
Q

Genetic drift has a greater effect on _____ populations.

A

small

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9
Q

A population bottleneck has a similar selective effect as:

A

founder effect

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10
Q

What is the correct equation for calculating gene frequencies for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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11
Q

stabilizing selection

A

form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average phenotypes are more fit

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12
Q

disruptive selection

A

form of selection in which individuals of average phenotype are less fit than those of higher and lower phenotypes; extremes are favored

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13
Q

directional selection

A

form of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes

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14
Q

what is one disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

it breaks up advantageous gene combinations

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15
Q

Surface area increases ____ than volume, making it harder to move resources into larger organisms.

A

slower

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16
Q

Macroevolution can be observed ______.

A

in the fossil record

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17
Q

trade-off

A

when one trait cannot increase without a decrease in another

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18
Q

what is a synapomorphy?

A

an ancestral trait

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19
Q

outgroup

A

serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup

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20
Q

______ do not evolve, ______ do

A

individuals, populations

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21
Q

In the Dobzhansky-Muller model, different ______ become fixed at different ______.

A

alleles, loci

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22
Q

The morphological species concept focuses on:

A

physical characteristics of organisms

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23
Q

When 2 species reproduce and create a hybrid offspring, and their offspring is unable to reproduce, this is:

A

hybrid infertility

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24
Q

A species of salamander begins to diverge around both sides of a geographical barrier. When that species eventually interacts on the opposite side of the barrier, it cannot reproduce successfully, even though all the adjacent populations can. This is an example of:

A. ring species
B. hybrid infertility
C. temporal isolation
D. sympatric speciation

A

A. ring species

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25
7. Some plants are able to self-fertilize. If an error occurs in one of these plants and 2 diploid gametes combine to form a tetraploid individual, this form of speciation is called: (Note - diploid is 2 sets of chromosomes, tetraploid is 4 sets of chromosomes) A. mechanical isolation B. autopolyploidy C. allopolyploidy D. hybrid infertility
B. autopolyploidy
26
A river changes course and divides a population of snails. The snails on either side of the river begin to evolve according to different selective pressures. This is an example of: A. sympatric speciation B. allopatric speciation C. biological species concept D. polyploidy
B. allopatric speciation
27
Earth's history is recorded in rock layers called: A) strata B. fossils C. radiometric dating B. igneous rocks
A) strata
28
11. Using the decay of an amount of radioactive atoms into a stable form to calculate the age of of a rock is called: A. paleomagnetic dating B. radiometric dating C. relative dating D. speed dating
B. radiometric dating
29
We can use minerals that orient themselves to the Earth's magnetic field to date rocks, in a method called: A. paleomagnetic dating B. radiometric dating C. relative dating D. speed dating
A. paleomagnetic dating
30
A population of sharks was reduced from 10,000 to 100 individuals Those individuals are now having a harder time finding each other in order to reproduce. This is an example of: A. the Dobzhansky-Muller model B. prezygotic isolation mechanisms C. the allee effect D. transform plate boundary
C. the allee effect
31
In a convergent boundary: A. the tectonic plates slide past each other B. the tectonic plates smash into each other C. the tectonic plates move away from each other D. the tectonic plates do not move
B. the tectonic plates smash into each other
32
Major glaciations can cause which of the following: A. block sunlight B. ejection of Sulphur dioxide C. create new oceans D. decrease sea level
D. decrease sea level
33
The eon when Earth was still cooling down and had a liquid magma ocean was: A. Cenozoic B. Mesozoic C. Archaen D. Hadean
D. Hadean
34
Which of the following is NOT a fossil: A. a burrow filled in with hardened sediment B. a seashell embedded in a rock C. an igneous rock D. footprints in solidified ash
C. an igneous rock
35
You observe of series of rock strata and see a small fossil shell in one layer, and a fossil insect in the layer above it. Which of the following statements is true: A. the fossil insect is younger than the fossil shell B. the fossil shell is younger than the fossil insect C. the 2 fossils are the same age D. you cannot tell which is older
A. the fossil insect is younger than the fossil shell
36
A gram-positive bacteria has a (thick/thin) layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and stains (red/violet) with the Gram Stain.
thick, violet
37
Antibiotic resistance can spread when surviving bacteria transfer part of their genome to another species of bacteria, in a process called:
Lateral gene transfer
38
The earliest bacterial life enjoyed a ____ environment.
very hot
39
You observe a bacteria under a high-powered microscope. It has chlorophyll a and can photosynthesize. You are likely observing a:
cyanobacteria
40
Archaeans are mostly observed:
as environmental DNA
41
The community of prokaryotes that live in and on us is called the:
microbiome
42
Eukaryotic mitochondria are derived from:
proteobacteria
43
The eukaryotic nucleus is derived from which structure?
flexible plasma membrane
44
conjugation(exchange of genetic material between 2 individuals) between protists) is what kind of process?
sexual
45
sex vs. reproduction
exchange of genetic material vs. creation of new individual
46
Eukaryote mitochondria is derived from:
proteobacteria
47
During primary endosymbiosis, an early eukaryote consumed a:
cyanobacterium
48
Which organism uses long, thin pseudopods for locomotion?
rhizarians
49
Diatoms and ________ can form red tides.
Dinoflagellates
50
_____ results in 4 non-identical haploid cells.
meiosis
51
_____ results in 2 identical diploid cells.
mitosis
52
What is the structure on the underside of leaves that allows the plant to bring in CO2 and release O2/water vapor?
stomata
53
Which kind of organism was engulfed and became the chloroplasts of land plants?
cyanobacteria
54
the ______ develops into the female gametophyte, and the ______ develops into the male gametophyte.
megaspore, microspore
55
Land plants (Embryophytes) are united by the synapomorphy:
embryo is protected by the parent plant
56
A non-seed plant with a smaller gametophyte and larger sporophyte (long leaves with branching vascular strands) is a:
fern
57
Phloem allows for the transport of:
products of photosynthesis
58
Water loss from the sun heating the plant is blocked by the plants':
cuticle
59
A small green plant growing in a wet nook in a rock with a flat green gametophyte and sporophytes like horns is a:
hornwort
60
A major trend in the plant evolution is the reduction of the _______ and placing greater emphasis on the _______.
gametophyte, sporophyte
61
Which feature allowed plants to successfully reproduce without the presence of water?
seeds
62
Gymnosperms are pollinated by:
wind
63
In angiosperm double fertilization, the first sperm fertilizes the egg to make a diploid embryo. What is the role of the second sperm?
combine with a haploid nuclei from the female to create the endosperm
64
A plant that looks like a palm but shorter and has a relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria which makes it toxic is a:
cycad
65
Smelly flowers attract _____ pollinators while odorless flowers attract _____ pollinators.
insect, bird
66
A perfect flower includes:
male and female parts
67
Plants benefit from mycorrhizae by:
absorbing more water
68
A mycelium has a ______ surface area-to-volume ratio.
high
69
Sexual reproduction in fungi includes:
2 different mating types
70
Sexual reproduction in some fungus includes combining cytoplasm (_______) and combining nuclei (______).
plasmogamy, karyogamy
71
Put these events in chronological order. primary endosymbiosis, development of flowers, development of cuticle, development of vascular tissues, water no longer necessary for reproduction, colonizing the land
1. Primary endosymbiosis 2. Colonizing the land 3. Development of vascular tissues 4. Development of cuticle 5. Water no longer necessary for reproduction 6. Development of flowers
72
A structure that is used to attract animals and aid in seed dispersal
Fruit
73
The female gametophyte of a seed plant and the protective integument
Ovule
74
A protective structure containing a plant embryo and nutrition
Seed
75
The male gametophyte of seed plants that is covered in a tough protective layer
Pollen

biology (6 decks)

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