Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > bio exam three notes > Flashcards

bio exam three notes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eukaryotes acquired features from _____ and _____ through the process of ________

A

Archaea, Bacteria, endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sex vs. reproduction

A

exchange of genetic material vs formation of a new individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eukaryotic traits

A

flexible cell surface, cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope, digestive vacuoles, acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endocytosis

A

takes particles into the cell that are too large to passively cross the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phagocytosis vs. pinocytosis

A

phagocytosis is the taking in of large food particles, while pinocytosis takes in liquid particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a nuclear envelope

A

membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acquisition of chloroplasts

A

eukaryote genetically integrated a cyanobacteria as the chloroplast which was then further integrated into many other eukaryotic lineages through secondary endosymbiosis of unicellular eukaryotic algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

protists - traits

A

diverse lifestyles, can be unicellular/small or multicellular/huge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

alveolates - traits

A

alveoli or sacs beneath cell membrane, all unicellular and most are photosynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

alveolates: dinoflagellates - traits

A

mostly marine and photosynthetic, can cause red tides, 2 flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alveolates: apicomplexans - traits

A

parasitic, have apical complex (mass of organelles that help them enter host cells), complex life cycles (often with 2 hosts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alveolates: ciliates - traits

A

heterotrophic and can have photosymbionts, complex bodies with 2 types of nuclei (micronuclei and macronuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

photosymbiosis

A

a type of symbiosis where one of the organisms is capable of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

micronuclei vs. macronuclei

A

necessary for reproduction vs. provides metabolic and developmental functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stramenopiles: diatoms - traits

A

unicellular, make carbs + oils as storage products, silica cell walls, bilateral or radial symmetry, asexual/sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stramenopiles: brown algae - traits

A

multi-cellular, marine, can be giant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stramenopiles - main trait

A

distinguished by the presence of stiff external hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stramenopiles: oomycetes - traits

A

absorptive heterotrophs, fungus-like, saprobic, water molds/downy mildew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rhizarians - main trait

A

unicellular, aquatic, have long thin pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rhizarians: cercozoans - traits

A

live in water or soil, diverse forms/ habitats, 1 group obtained chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

rhizarians: foraminiferans - traits

A

calcium carbonate shells, live at bottom of sea, threadlike filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rhizarians: radiolarians - traits

A

produce intricate mineral skeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

excavates

A

diverse group of eukaryotes, some lack mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

diplomonads and parabasalids - traits

A

unicellular, no mitochondria, parabasalids have undulating membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

heteroloboseans - traits

A

amoeboid body form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

euglenids and kinetoplastids - traits

A

unicellular with flagella, mitochondria with disc-shaped cristae (folds), flagella have crystalline rods for movement, asexual reproduction or binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

amoebozoans - traits

A

lobe-shaped pseudopods for locomotion, convergent evolution with rhizarians, position on tree is uncertain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

loboseans - traits

A

unicellular, do not aggregate, feed by phagocytosis, live on bottom of lakes, predators/parasites/scavengers2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

plasmodial slime molds - traits

A

3 forms
1. favorable conditions: wall-less masses of cytoplasm with diploid nuclei
2. unfavorable conditions: hardened resting form
3. transform into spore-bearing fruiting structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cellular slime molds - traits

A

singular amoeboid state, vegetative state, haploid, engulf food by endocytosis, reproduce by fission, in unfavorable conditions cells aggregate into slug or pseudoplasmodium that produces spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

protist reproduction: asexual

A
  1. equal splitting of 1 cell into 2
  2. splitting of 1 into more than 2
  3. budding - outgrowth of new cell from the surface of old cell
  4. sporulation - formation of specialized cells that grow a new individual

results in offspring genetically identical to parents (clonal lineages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

diatoms perform ___ of photosynthetic carbon fixation

A

1/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

diatoms - traits

A

store oil as an energy reserve, silica cell walls, accumulation produced layers of petroleum/natural gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

synapomorphy of Plantae

A

primary endosymbiosis (eukaryote engulfs prokaryote) of cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

plants

A

land plants, though many clades are aquatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

algae

A

aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

glaucophytes - traits

A

sister group to all other Plantae, may be good representation of ancestral form

39
Q

red algae - traits

A

most are multicellular, red color from phycoerythrin (ratio changes with depth), have chlorophyll a,

40
Q

green plant synapomorphies

A

other algal groups in Plantae have chlorophyll a and b, store products of photosynthesis as starch

41
Q

chlorophytes - traits

A

largest group of “green algae”, mostly aquatic, unicellular to multicellular, diverse body shapes

42
Q

streptophytes

A

all other green algae plus land plants, coleochaetophytes and stoneworts are closest relatives to land plants, retain eggs in parental organism, cells connected by plasmodesmata

43
Q

Land Plants

A

embryo is protected by
tissues of the parent plant, 10 major clades of land plants

44
Q

water qualities

A

supportive/not affected by gravity, hydrating/moves water into tissues, flowing/can release gametes into water

45
Q

On land, organisms need:

A

Water transport mechanisms, Physical support, Mechanism to distribute gametes and offspring

46
Q

Key Adaptations

A
  • Cuticle: waxy coating that slows water loss
  • Stomata: openings in stems/ leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss
  • Gametangia: organs that enclose gametes
  • Embryos protected by parent plant
  • Pigments protect against UV radiation
  • Thick spore walls prevent desiccation and decay
  • Symbiosis with fungi (mycorrhizae) that promote nutrient and water uptake from soil
47
Q

Changes in Reproductive Strategy

A

Alternation of Generations:
* Multicellular diploid stage alternates with multicellular haploid stage
* Gametes are produced by mitosis
* Meiosis produces spores that develop into haploid organisms (not gametes)

48
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid and asexual repro

49
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid and sexual repro

50
Q

Nonvascular Plants

A

gametophyte is the familiar
photosynthetic form, sporophyte dependent on gametophyte

51
Q

Liverworts

A

9000 species, Can have leafy or thalloid gametophytes

52
Q

Mosses

A
  • 15000 species
  • Stomata are a synapomorphy of mosses and other land plants
    (excluding liverworts)
53
Q

Hornworts

A
  • 100 species
  • gametophytes are flat, sporophyte looks like horns
  • Basal region capable of infinite cell division
54
Q

Vascular Plants

A
  • Vascular system
  • Ability to transport water and
    food throughout their bodies
  • Allowed them to spread to new
    environments and diversify
    rapidly
55
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and minerals from soil up to the rest of the plant

56
Q

Phloem

A

conduct products of photosynthesis throughout the plant

57
Q

Tracheid cells

A
  • Conduct water and minerals in
    sporophytes
  • Rigid structural support allow
    plants to grow tall and compete
    for light
  • Aid in spore dispersal
58
Q

Branching

A
  • Vascular plants evolve branching,
    independent sporophyte
  • Can produce more spores and
    complex development
  • Nutritionally independent from
    the gametophyte
59
Q

Earliest Vascular Plants

A

Rhyniophytes had a
simple vascular system and
dichotomous branching (no
leaves or roots)

60
Q

Lycophytes

A
  • 1200 species
  • Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
  • Stem and true roots have dichotomous
    branching
  • simple leaf-like structures arranged spirally on
    stem (microphylls)
61
Q

Horsetails

A
  • 15 species
  • True roots
  • reduced leaves grow in whorls
  • Sporangia on short stalks
    (sporangiophores)
62
Q

Ferns

A
  • 12000 species
  • Most terrestrial, some aquatic
  • large leaves with branching
    vascular strands
63
Q

Ferns Euphyllophytes

A
  • Overtopping growth: new
    branches grow beyond the
    others, which gives an advantage
    in the competition for light
  • Megaphylls: complex leaves
64
Q

historical plants

A
  • Small megaphylls appear in Devonian, large ones in Carboniferous
  • High CO2 concentrations in Devonian led to reduced need for stomata
  • If megaphylls had grown large during Devonian, plants would have overheated and died
65
Q

heterospory

A

different spore types, evolved in vascular plants many time

66
Q

megaspore develops
into…

A

female
gametophyte
(megagametophyte)

67
Q

microspore develops
into…

A

male gametophyte
(microgametophyte)

68
Q

progymnosperms

A

Seedless vascular plants now extinct that developed thickened woody stems

69
Q

gymnosperms

A

pines and cycads

70
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants

71
Q

Microgametophytes

A

microspores divide by mitosis to produce male gametophyte
(pollen grain)

72
Q

Megagametophytes

A

One haploid megaspore divides by mitosis into female gametophyte

73
Q

pollination

A

occurs when a pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte, pollen tube elongates and digests through the sporophyte tissue to the megagametophyte

74
Q

Seed tissues from 3 generations

A
  • Seed coat
  • Haploid female gametophyte supplies nutrients
  • Embryo - new diploid sporophyte individual
75
Q

gymnosperms

A

“naked seeds”: ovules and seeds
are NOT protected by ovary or
fruit, tracheids for water conduction and support

76
Q

Megastrobilus

A

female (seed-bearing) cone

77
Q

Microstrobilus

A

smaller male (pollen-bearing) cone

78
Q

micropyle

A

opening in the integument which pollen grain enters through

79
Q

pollination: sperm through tube

A

2 sperm travel through tube, 1 fertilizes egg, other degenerates

80
Q

angiosperms - traits

A

“Enclosed seeds” - have fruits
and flowers, ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel (female reproductive organ of a flowering plant)

81
Q

Perfect

A

have male and female parts

82
Q

Imperfect

A

have either male or
female parts

83
Q

Monoecious

A

male and female flowers occur on the same plant

84
Q

dioecious

A

male and female flowers on different plants

85
Q

cotyledon

A

embryonic leaf (usually first leaves to appear from germinating seed)

86
Q

Carpel evolution

A

Leaves with marginal sporangia fold inwards and fuse

87
Q

Stamen evolution

A

Leaf with sporangia fold outwards and reduce, leaving the microsporangia

88
Q

Most angiosperms are pollinated by…

A

animals (insects, bats, birds)

89
Q

angiosperm life cycle

A

pollen grain arrives at female stigma, each pollen grain has 2 sperm: one combines with egg to make diploid zygote, other combines with 2 haploid nuclei to form triploid endosperm (tissue to feed embryo)

90
Q

fruit types

A

simple (1 carpel), aggregate (several carpels), multiple (cluster of flowers), accessory (from parts other than carpels)

91
Q

monocots

A

1 cotyledon, parallel veins in
leaves

92
Q

Eudicots

A

2 cotyledons, branched veins in leaves

93
Q
A

biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions