Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > bio exam three notes > Flashcards

bio exam three notes Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotes acquired features from _____ and _____ through the process of ________

A

Archaea, Bacteria, endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sex vs. reproduction

A

exchange of genetic material vs formation of a new individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eukaryotic traits

A

flexible cell surface, cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope, digestive vacuoles, acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endocytosis

A

takes particles into the cell that are too large to passively cross the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phagocytosis vs. pinocytosis

A

phagocytosis is the taking in of large food particles, while pinocytosis takes in liquid particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a nuclear envelope

A

membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acquisition of chloroplasts

A

eukaryote genetically integrated a cyanobacteria as the chloroplast which was then further integrated into many other eukaryotic lineages through secondary endosymbiosis of unicellular eukaryotic algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

protists - traits

A

diverse lifestyles, can be unicellular/small or multicellular/huge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

alveolates - traits

A

alveoli or sacs beneath cell membrane, all unicellular and most are photosynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

alveolates: dinoflagellates - traits

A

mostly marine and photosynthetic, can cause red tides, 2 flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alveolates: apicomplexans - traits

A

parasitic, have apical complex (mass of organelles that help them enter host cells), complex life cycles (often with 2 hosts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alveolates: ciliates - traits

A

heterotrophic and can have photosymbionts, complex bodies with 2 types of nuclei (micronuclei and macronuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

photosymbiosis

A

a type of symbiosis where one of the organisms is capable of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

micronuclei vs. macronuclei

A

necessary for reproduction vs. provides metabolic and developmental functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stramenopiles: diatoms - traits

A

unicellular, make carbs + oils as storage products, silica cell walls, bilateral or radial symmetry, asexual/sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stramenopiles: brown algae - traits

A

multi-cellular, marine, can be giant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stramenopiles - main trait

A

distinguished by the presence of stiff external hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stramenopiles: oomycetes - traits

A

absorptive heterotrophs, fungus-like, saprobic, water molds/downy mildew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rhizarians - main trait

A

unicellular, aquatic, have long thin pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rhizarians: cercozoans - traits

A

live in water or soil, diverse forms/ habitats, 1 group obtained chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

rhizarians: foraminiferans - traits

A

calcium carbonate shells, live at bottom of sea, threadlike filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rhizarians: radiolarians - traits

A

produce intricate mineral skeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

excavates

A

diverse group of eukaryotes, some lack mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
diplomonads and parabasalids - traits
unicellular, no mitochondria, parabasalids have undulating membranes
26
heteroloboseans - traits
amoeboid body form
27
euglenids and kinetoplastids - traits
unicellular with flagella, mitochondria with disc-shaped cristae (folds), flagella have crystalline rods for movement, asexual reproduction or binary fission
28
amoebozoans - traits
lobe-shaped pseudopods for locomotion, convergent evolution with rhizarians, position on tree is uncertain
29
loboseans - traits
unicellular, do not aggregate, feed by phagocytosis, live on bottom of lakes, predators/parasites/scavengers2
30
plasmodial slime molds - traits
3 forms 1. favorable conditions: wall-less masses of cytoplasm with diploid nuclei 2. unfavorable conditions: hardened resting form 3. transform into spore-bearing fruiting structure
31
cellular slime molds - traits
singular amoeboid state, vegetative state, haploid, engulf food by endocytosis, reproduce by fission, in unfavorable conditions cells aggregate into slug or pseudoplasmodium that produces spores
32
protist reproduction: asexual
1. equal splitting of 1 cell into 2 2. splitting of 1 into more than 2 3. budding - outgrowth of new cell from the surface of old cell 4. sporulation - formation of specialized cells that grow a new individual results in offspring genetically identical to parents (clonal lineages)
33
diatoms perform ___ of photosynthetic carbon fixation
1/5
34
diatoms - traits
store oil as an energy reserve, silica cell walls, accumulation produced layers of petroleum/natural gas
35
synapomorphy of Plantae
primary endosymbiosis (eukaryote engulfs prokaryote) of cyanobacteria
36
plants
land plants, though many clades are aquatic
37
algae
aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes
38
glaucophytes - traits
sister group to all other Plantae, may be good representation of ancestral form
39
red algae - traits
most are multicellular, red color from phycoerythrin (ratio changes with depth), have chlorophyll a,
40
green plant synapomorphies
other algal groups in Plantae have chlorophyll a and b, store products of photosynthesis as starch
41
chlorophytes - traits
largest group of “green algae”, mostly aquatic, unicellular to multicellular, diverse body shapes
42
streptophytes
all other green algae plus land plants, coleochaetophytes and stoneworts are closest relatives to land plants, retain eggs in parental organism, cells connected by plasmodesmata
43
Land Plants
embryo is protected by tissues of the parent plant, 10 major clades of land plants
44
water qualities
supportive/not affected by gravity, hydrating/moves water into tissues, flowing/can release gametes into water
45
On land, organisms need:
Water transport mechanisms, Physical support, Mechanism to distribute gametes and offspring
46
Key Adaptations
* Cuticle: waxy coating that slows water loss * Stomata: openings in stems/ leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss * Gametangia: organs that enclose gametes * Embryos protected by parent plant * Pigments protect against UV radiation * Thick spore walls prevent desiccation and decay * Symbiosis with fungi (mycorrhizae) that promote nutrient and water uptake from soil
47
Changes in Reproductive Strategy
Alternation of Generations: * Multicellular diploid stage alternates with multicellular haploid stage * Gametes are produced by mitosis * Meiosis produces spores that develop into haploid organisms (not gametes)
48
sporophyte
diploid and asexual repro
49
gametophyte
haploid and sexual repro
50
Nonvascular Plants
gametophyte is the familiar photosynthetic form, sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
51
Liverworts
9000 species, Can have leafy or thalloid gametophytes
52
Mosses
* 15000 species * Stomata are a synapomorphy of mosses and other land plants (excluding liverworts)
53
Hornworts
* 100 species * gametophytes are flat, sporophyte looks like horns * Basal region capable of infinite cell division
54
Vascular Plants
* Vascular system * Ability to transport water and food throughout their bodies * Allowed them to spread to new environments and diversify rapidly
55
Xylem
conducts water and minerals from soil up to the rest of the plant
56
Phloem
conduct products of photosynthesis throughout the plant
57
Tracheid cells
* Conduct water and minerals in sporophytes * Rigid structural support allow plants to grow tall and compete for light * Aid in spore dispersal
58
Branching
* Vascular plants evolve branching, independent sporophyte * Can produce more spores and complex development * Nutritionally independent from the gametophyte
59
Earliest Vascular Plants
Rhyniophytes had a simple vascular system and dichotomous branching (no leaves or roots)
60
Lycophytes
* 1200 species * Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts * Stem and true roots have dichotomous branching * simple leaf-like structures arranged spirally on stem (microphylls)
61
Horsetails
* 15 species * True roots * reduced leaves grow in whorls * Sporangia on short stalks (sporangiophores)
62
Ferns
* 12000 species * Most terrestrial, some aquatic * large leaves with branching vascular strands
63
Ferns Euphyllophytes
* Overtopping growth: new branches grow beyond the others, which gives an advantage in the competition for light * Megaphylls: complex leaves
64
historical plants
* Small megaphylls appear in Devonian, large ones in Carboniferous * High CO2 concentrations in Devonian led to reduced need for stomata * If megaphylls had grown large during Devonian, plants would have overheated and died
65
heterospory
different spore types, evolved in vascular plants many time
66
megaspore develops into...
female gametophyte (megagametophyte)
67
microspore develops into...
male gametophyte (microgametophyte)
68
progymnosperms
Seedless vascular plants now extinct that developed thickened woody stems
69
gymnosperms
pines and cycads
70
angiosperms
flowering plants
71
Microgametophytes
microspores divide by mitosis to produce male gametophyte (pollen grain)
72
Megagametophytes
One haploid megaspore divides by mitosis into female gametophyte
73
pollination
occurs when a pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte, pollen tube elongates and digests through the sporophyte tissue to the megagametophyte
74
Seed tissues from 3 generations
* Seed coat * Haploid female gametophyte supplies nutrients * Embryo - new diploid sporophyte individual
75
gymnosperms
“naked seeds”: ovules and seeds are NOT protected by ovary or fruit, tracheids for water conduction and support
76
Megastrobilus
female (seed-bearing) cone
77
Microstrobilus
smaller male (pollen-bearing) cone
78
micropyle
opening in the integument which pollen grain enters through
79
pollination: sperm through tube
2 sperm travel through tube, 1 fertilizes egg, other degenerates
80
angiosperms - traits
“Enclosed seeds” - have fruits and flowers, ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel (female reproductive organ of a flowering plant)
81
Perfect
have male and female parts
82
Imperfect
have either male or female parts
83
Monoecious
male and female flowers occur on the same plant
84
dioecious
male and female flowers on different plants
85
cotyledon
embryonic leaf (usually first leaves to appear from germinating seed)
86
Carpel evolution
Leaves with marginal sporangia fold inwards and fuse
87
Stamen evolution
Leaf with sporangia fold outwards and reduce, leaving the microsporangia
88
Most angiosperms are pollinated by...
animals (insects, bats, birds)
89
angiosperm life cycle
pollen grain arrives at female stigma, each pollen grain has 2 sperm: one combines with egg to make diploid zygote, other combines with 2 haploid nuclei to form triploid endosperm (tissue to feed embryo)
90
fruit types
simple (1 carpel), aggregate (several carpels), multiple (cluster of flowers), accessory (from parts other than carpels)
91
monocots
1 cotyledon, parallel veins in leaves
92
Eudicots
2 cotyledons, branched veins in leaves
93

biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions