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intro to human evolution > Test One Professor Guide > Flashcards

Test One Professor Guide Flashcards

1
Q

anthropology

A

Study of humans, the study of all aspects of the human species, including biology, culture, language, etc.

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2
Q

What are some questions that anthropologist try to answer?

A

Who are we as a species, where do we come from, why we are the way we are, why are people so diverse, etc.

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3
Q

major difference between anthropology and sociology

A

Anthropology studies, human behavior at the individual level, sociology focuses particularly on group behavior and relations with social structures and institutions

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4
Q

What are some features of anthropology?

A

Holism, comparison, dynamism, fieldwork

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5
Q

Who are we?

A

Humans are members of the species homeo sapiens

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6
Q

What is the correct species name in binomial format for human

A

Homeo sapiens

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7
Q

What are some unique human features?

A

Bipedalism, small canines with non-honing complex, symbolic behavior, such as language and speech, hunting and sharing, domestication of food items

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8
Q

Do humans have a honing complex?

A

No, they have non-honing complex

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9
Q

four subdisciplines of anthropology

A

Archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistic, anthropology, biological anthropology

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10
Q

archaeology

A

Study of past societies and their cultures through their material remains (tools Food remains places where they lived)

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11
Q

cultural anthropology

A

Study of the similarities and differences among living societies and cultures

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12
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

Study of the emergence and diversification of language and the relationships between language thought and culture

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13
Q

biological anthropology

A

Study of the human origins biological evolution and variation past and current

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14
Q

What are some aspects of the human condition that biological anthropologist seek to explore?

A

Primatology, paleoanthropology, bioarchaeology, molecular anthropology

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15
Q

What are some questions that biological anthropologist try to answer?

A

How modern humans came to exist, where did we first evolve, who are our ancestors, what is our evolutionary relation to other primates, mammals or organisms?

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16
Q

What is a hominin

A

Humans and fossil relatives that are more similar to us than chimpanzees

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17
Q

What is the LCA?

A

Last common ancestor

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18
Q

When did the LCA between chimpanzees and humans lived?

A

Approximately 6 to 7 million years ago

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19
Q

Which two features are shared by all hominins

A

Bipedalism, canine size reduction

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20
Q

What is primatology and what do primatologist study?

A

Study of non-human primates (anatomy, behavior, ecology, and genetics.) they learn how evolution has shaped that were species and primates in general

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21
Q

What is paleoanthropology and what do paleoanthropologist study?

A

Study of the human fossil record, including instinct, hominis, and primates they learn why how and where hominins and and nonhuman primacy involved

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22
Q

What is bioarchaeology and what do bioarchaeologists study?

A

Study of the human skeletal remains, soils, and other materials found in and around remains, soils, and other materials found in and around remains from archaeological context. They learn about the lifeways of past populations, sex, height, age, diet, health, and socioeconomic status.

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23
Q

What is molecular anthropology and what do molecular anthropologist study?

A

Study of human and non-human primate genomes. They estimate how closely or distantly related human or non-human primary populations are.

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24
Q

What is forensic anthropology? What do forensic anthropologist do?

A

Use of bioarchaeological and osteological techniques to aid in legal and criminal investigations. They investigate sex, Egypt, death, height, ancestry, health status, presence of disease, cause of death, ancestry.

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25
Q

What is human biology and what a human biologist do

A

Explores how the body is impacted by environment, nutrition, and culture. They examine the different dimensions of health, substance, economy, and demography.

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26
Q

evolution

A

Change in living organisms overtime

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27
Q

micro evolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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28
Q

macro evolution

A

Large scale evolution over thousands to millions of years

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29
Q

Can we spot evolution?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Does the fossil record allow us to spot evolution?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Steps of scientific method

A

Observation, hypothesis, gather and analyze data, support, or reject hypothesis

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32
Q

What happened to Darwin’s hypothesis on the origins of bipedality

A

It was rejected

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33
Q

Who was Darwin

A

English naturalist that proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection and the theory of sexual selection

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34
Q

What are some important areas of the world visited by Darwin

A

South America, Europe, Australia, Africa

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35
Q

What is natural selection

A

Mechanism for change, favoring the survival and reproduction of some individuals over others because of hereditary differences between them

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36
Q

What are the three components of natural selection (Also known as Darwin’s three postulates)

A

Variation, heritability, competition

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37
Q

Which important ideas were held by people in Europe before the scientific revolution

A

Idea of grand design, idea of statuses, the great chain of being, Ptolemaic view

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38
Q

What is the idea of grand design?

A

The world thought to be the result of God’s creation

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39
Q

What is the stasis?

A

The world is fixed and unchanging (and the gates evolution)

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40
Q

What is the great chain of being?

A

Life is arranged from simplest to most complex according to how useful organism are to humans

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41
Q

Nicholas Copernicus

A

Proponent of the heliocentric theory

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42
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Invented the first telescope

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43
Q

John Ray

A

Define the terms, genus and species

44
Q

What is a genus?

A

Group of closely related species

45
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of closely related organisms that can successfully reproduce

46
Q

Why do we use scientific species names?

A

To avoid confusion and/or misunderstanding

47
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Propose the first classification system using seven levels

48
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Science of classification of organisms

49
Q

Seven levels of classification

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

50
Q

What is the species name for chimpanzees?

A

Pan troglodytes

51
Q

At which level of classification do humans and chimpanzees differ

A

Genus and species

52
Q

Jean- Baptiste Lamarck

A

Propose the inheritance of acquired characteristics

53
Q

What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Treats acquired during life, supposedly passed on to offspring

54
Q

George Cuvier

A

Propose the idea of extinction and catastrophism

55
Q

What is extinction

A

Disappearance of a species

56
Q

What is catastrophism

A

Cataclysmic events that are responsible for geologic changes through earths history

57
Q

Mary Anning

A

Fossil hunter that described multiple dinosaurs

58
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Propose the idea of uniformitarianism

59
Q

What is uniformitarianism

A

Theory that natural processes that occurred in geological past are still at work today

60
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Limited resources led to competition

61
Q

What was Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace’s major contribution to science

A

Natural selection and their three components

62
Q

Adaptation

A

A fit between the organism and the environment

63
Q

Does natural selection give organisms what they need to

A

No, organisms may go extinct if they cannot adapt to the changing conditions

64
Q

Are there any adaptations in human

A

Yes, adaptation to UV radiation, lactase, persistence, adaptations to high altitude, adaptations to climate, behavioral/cultural adaptations

65
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Cell in skin and eyes that produces melanin

66
Q

How is skin color adaptive in humans?

A

Darker skin pigmentation are closer to the equator while lighter skin pigmentation are further

67
Q

What is rickets?

A

Softening of the bones due to lack of vitamin D

68
Q

Which skin color is more susceptible to cold injury or frostbite

A

People with dark skin

69
Q

What is lactase persistence?

A

Genetic trait that allows human to eat dairy

70
Q

What is lactase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down sugar in milk into glucose

71
Q

What is lactose?

A

Sugar in milk

72
Q

What are some body changes that we experience when visiting high altitude locations?

A

Sleep less, fast heart rate, breathing becomes faster, blood being thicker

73
Q

What are some epigenetic changes associated with high altitude among andean people?

A

Increased red blood cell production, broad chest, large heart, and lungs

74
Q

What is Allen’s rule?

A

Mammals in cold climates tend to have rounder body shape with short, bulky limbs and mammals in hot climates tend to have linear body shape with long slender limbs

75
Q

What is bergmanns rule

A

Mammals in cold climates have large, larger body size and mammals in hot climates tend to have smaller body size

76
Q

Different molecules of life

A

Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acid

77
Q

Basic unit of life

A

The cell

78
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No nucleus, single cell organism: bacteria, appeared 3.7 billion years ago

79
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have nucleus, multicellular organisms. Appeared 1.2 billion years ago

80
Q

Important areas of the eukaryotic cell anatomy

A

Nucleus, ribosome, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, organelles

81
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Discovered the DNA molecule in 1953

82
Q

What is RNA used for

A

Carries message of DNA base sequence from nucleus to cytoplasm, transports amino acid to ribosome, stabilizes mRNA and tRNA bond during protein synthesis

83
Q

Bases of DNA

A

A,T,C,G

84
Q

bases of RNA

A

A,U,C,G

85
Q

How many chromosomes do horses have

A

32 pairs (64)

86
Q

How many chromosomes do donkeys have

A

31 pairs (62)

87
Q

How many chromosomes do mules have

A

63

88
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

23

89
Q

Protein synthesis

A

From DNA to mRNA and from mRNA to polypeptide chain; in and out of the nucleus

90
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place

A

Starts inside nucleus finishes out of the nucleus (cytoplasm)

91
Q

What is transcription

A

Process of using DNA template to create strand of RNA

92
Q

translation

A

From mRNA to polypeptide chain, in the cytoplasm

93
Q

Exons

A

2% of DNA exit the nucleus

94
Q

Haploid number of chromosomes in humans

A

23

95
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism

96
Q

Daphne major (Galapagos islands)

A

After a severe drought the number of the large beaked finches increased while those with small beaks died

97
Q

Replication

A

From DNA to more DNA, inside the nucleus finishes

98
Q

Human light skin color in high latitudes

A

Allows for production of enough vitamin D3 to avoid rickets while preventing frostbite

99
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles

100
Q

In the scientific method a theory is supported by

A

Rigorous testing of hypothesis

101
Q

Transcription occurs in the

A

Nucleus

102
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomal pairs that have the same types of genes but potentially different alleles

103
Q

Malthus

A

Population growth limited by resource availability

104
Q

Transcription

A

From DNA to mRNA, always inside nucleus

105
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

One sugar (deoxyribose), one phosphate group, and one base

106
Q

Human dark skin color in low latitudes

A

Prevents skin cancer and folate destruction

107
Q

Diploid number of chromosomes in humans

A

46

intro to human evolution (4 decks)

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