test 1 Flashcards
the primary difference between anthropology and sociology
Anthropology studies cultures holistically, while sociology analyzes social structures and institutions
what is the correct species name using binomial nomenclature for humans
Homo sapiens
Cultural relativism
the idea that we should understand and judge a culture based on its own values, beliefs, and practices, rather than applying the standards of another culture (like our own). It suggests that no culture is inherently superior to another, and what is considered right or wrong can vary depending on the cultural context
Holism
the idea that systems and their properties should be viewed as a whole, rather than just as a collection of individual parts
Hominins
Species that are regarded as human, directly ancestral to humans, or very closely related to humans
Participant observation
A research method common in cultural anthropology that involves living with, observing, and participating in the same activities as the people one studies
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
The principle that the language you speak allows you to think about some things and not other things. This is also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis
four major areas that make up the discipline of anthropology
biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology,
and linguistic anthropology.
Artificial selection
humans intentionally breed organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring that inherit those traits
Binomial nomenclature
System of classification in which a species receives a name, consisting of the genius and the identification of the species
Carrying capacity
The number of living organisms that a geographic area can support without environmental degradation
Empiricism
The idea that all learning and knowledge derives from experience and observation
Extant
Still in existence, surviving
Genetic drift
Random changes in allele frequencies within a population from one generation to the next
Macroevolution
Large and often complex changes in biological populations
Microevolution
Changes in the frequency of a gene in an interpreting population
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism, such as its physical appearance or behavior
Speciation
The process by which new genetically distinct species evolved from the main population
What was the role of forensic anthropologist in the investigation of El Mazote massacre
They analyzed the bones of the deceased to reconstruct how the victims died
A scientific hypothesis must be
Testable, capable of being refuted, an explanation for observed phenomena
In the peppered moth simulation how does the population of light and dark moths exchange when the environment becomes heavily polluted (dark forest environment)
The population of the dark moths increases because they blend in with the suit cover trees, while light moths are more easily spotted by predators
What should a scientist do if the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis
Modify the hypothesis and conduct further experiments
What is the main idea of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
Individuals with trades better suited to their environment, are more likely to survive and reproduce passing those trades to the next generation
Chimps and humans share … of their DNA
98.8%
Jean- Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
French naturalist and biologist, first attempt to explain how evolution works
George Cuvier (1769-1832)
French naturalist and zoologist. Ideas: extinction and catastrophism
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Scottish geologist, principles of geology, idea of uniformitartianism
Humans and chimpanzees are both members of the order
Primates
What are the three conditions required in a population for natural selection to act as a force of evolution
- variation of traits, 2. Traits are heritable 3. Competition leading to differential reproductive success
Before the scientific revolution and well into the 19th century, European societies shared beliefs that inhibited acceptance of biological evolution. These concepts included
The notion that species did not change, the notion that creatures were divinely created to perfectly fit their environment, the notion that earth was “full” so that new life could not arise
The idea that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individuals offspring is termed
The inheritance of acquired characteristics
A severe drought occurred in the Galapagos islands during the end of 1970 as a result of this drought the average peak size of the population of finches changed with most individuals displaying
Large and robust beaks adapted to eat the very hard seeds that become available during the drought
A severe drought occurred in the Galapagos islands during the end of 1970 as a result of this drought the average peak size of the population of finches changed with most individuals displaying
Large and robust beaks adapted to eat the very hard seeds that become available during the drought
