Test One: Adverse Rxns Flashcards
Which adverse effect is not predictable?
Allergic rxns, also not dose related
3 aspects of adverse drug effects
Side effects, toxic effects, and allergic rxns
What is involved in preclinical studies?
In vitro testing and animal studies
How is therapeutic index calculated?
LD50/ED50– larger index means that the drug is safer
Margin of safety
Difference between therapeutic effects of a drug and the adverse effects. Wider margin of safety is a better indicator for drug safety than TI
Code name vs nonproprietary name
Code name is given to a drug to hide chemical name from competitors, nonproprietary name is given when the company releases the drug for further research
Study of toxic effects of poisonous substances and their toxic actions.
Toxicology
Principal target organs for toxicity
CNS-high metabolic rate and affected by cerebral circulation, blood/hematopoietic system, respiratory, organs involved with excretion-liver and kidney
Antidotes/therapy for poisoning with fluoride, mercury, morphine, and benzodiazepines
Calcium for fluoride, dimercaprol for mercury, naloxone for morphine, and flumazanil for benzos
Which of the three forms of mercury is most toxic?
Inorganic/divalent
What effects does toxic mercury have acutely and chronically?
Acute- affects CNS and resp tract
Chronic- affects heart and kidney
What makes nitrous oxide toxic?
It causes oxidation of cobalt in vitamin B12 which can lead to pernicious anemia, also releases enkephalins so it has potential for abuse
What form of methyl methacrylate is toxic?
The liquid monomer. The polymerized form is inert.
Adverse effects of methyl methacrylate
Allergy, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and with orthopedics–hypotension
What is used as a rodenticide?
Warfarin
