test one Flashcards
Moral Treatment
in the 1700’s- based on the premise that all people were entitled to consideration and human compassion, the basic tenets of occupational therapy came out of the moral treatment movement
Adolph Meyer
used helpful and gratifying activities to fill patients time
William Rush Dunton
father of occupational therapy, practiced at Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, in 1911 taught classes to nurses on “occupation and recreation”
Gail Fidler
wrote first psychiatric textbook for OT
believed that purposeful planned activity is the very core of the OT process
theories were derived from psychoanalytic concepts
used the term “doing”
1955 National Mental Health Act
supported study of mental illness, development of treatment methods and evaluation and training of personnel
1963 Community Mental Health Act
beginning of deinstitutionalization movement , patients released from hospitals with inadequate community resources
object relations
a psychoanalytic theory used by Freud and Fidler, believed that mental health and illness are determined by our relationships with objects in our environment which can be human or non-human
Freud’s 3 Parts of the Mind
- id- instinctual needs-pleasure principle
- ego-reality principle- helps with the conflicts of the id and superego
- superego-represents conscience- wants to uphold morals at all cost. Not bound to reality. if not followed can cause guilt and shame
Freud’s 5 stages of development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Repression Denial Projection Rationalization Conversion Regression Undoing Idealization Identification Sublimation Substitution Displacement Compensation
Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs Despair
Jean Piget’s 4 stages of development
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Pre-Operational Stage
- Concrete Operations
- Formal Operations
Behavioral Theories
Central concept is that all behavior is learned. Behaviors that have pleasurable results tend to be repeated.
Therapist Pavlov and Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Most of his research was on the science of digestion and he was responsible for the model of classical conditioning
His terminology included:
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology in 1904
B.F.Skinner
His system is known as operant conditioning which was an action-consequence approach His terminology includes: Reinforcement Terminal behavior Shaping Chaining (forward and backward) Schedule of reinforcement Extinction
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
all behavior is based on what we think and believe
Assumes that maladaptive or faulty thinking patterns cause maladaptive behaviors and “negative” emotions
Emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
Events are neutral- they receive their value from our thoughts about them
Done on a 1:1 basis generally
Therapist Beck, Ellis, Bandura
Aaron Beck
Used homework, cognitive rehearsal and self-monitoring
Talked about distorted thinking which he felt were errors in reasoning
Reattribution- challenge clients beliefs that their personal shortcomings are responsible for negative external events
Albert Ellis
Developed RET or REBT for to client to realize that we create our world through the way we interpret experience REBT ABC's A. activating event B. belief C. consequences D. disputation E. corrective emotional experience
Albert Bandura
Theory of social modeling
He felt that learning occurs through imitation
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Developed for people with borderline personality disorder
Helps clients acknowledge and tolerate unpleasant thoughts and self-destructive impulses and not act on the impulses
Group helps participants identify constructive or neutral ways of behaving
Carl Rogers
started client-centered therapy
He used the term client rather than patient because he felt it gave the individual a greater sense of self-determination
Theory is based on a single “force of life” he calls actualizing tendency
He sees the client as the center of effective change
First tranquilizers made available in
the 1950s
KAWA model
developed by Iwama because most models use Western terminology and systems and this one uses Eastern cultural notions
KAWA Terms
Rocks represent discrete circumstances
Driftwood represents clients personal attributes and resources
Water is the clients life energy or life flow
Why do we treat in Groups
cost effective more opportunity for change and learning Peer learning is often more comfortable Offers different kinds of interaction Offers greater potential for problem solving and creativity
Group Cohesiveness
the sense of identity and closeness with other members of the group
influenced by length and frequency of meetings and similarities
Group Norms
rules and standards of behaviors that are expected
AntiGroup Roles
Aggressor Blocker Recognition seeker Self-confessor Playboy Dominator Help seeker Special interest pleader
Mosey’s levels of groups
Parallel Project Egocentric-cooperative Cooperative Mature
Group Task roles
Initiator-contributor Information seeker Opinion seeker Information giver Opinion giver Elaborator Coordinator Orienter
Group Maintenance Roles
Encourager Harmonizer Compromiser Gatekeeper Standard setter Group observer Follower
Moseys Parallel Lvl
work/play in the presence of others
Moseys Project Lvl
short term task with one or two other people
Egocentric-Cooperative Lvl
awareness of groups goal and norms and willingness to abide
Cooperative Lvl
express feelings within a group and be aware of and respond to the feelings of others
Mature Lvl
take on a variety of roles as needed when group conditions change
Developmental Theory
a person matures through a series of stages in a fixed sequence
Theorist Erikson, Piaget, Havighurst
Havighurst 5 Functions of Work
- income
- expenditure of time and energy
- identification and status
- association
- source of meaningful life experience
Claudia Allen
she felt that task performance reflect a person’s ability to function and take care of themselves in the community
She developed 6 levels of functioning
Mary Reilly
Felt that play was a precurser to occupational role
She felt that health and well being came from a balance of occupational behavior is self-care, work and play/leisure
MOHO
States that humans have an innate drive to explore and master their environmen
Kielhofner viewed man as an open system meaning he can influence things around him
MOHO Subsystems
Volition- based on interests, talents and previous experience
Habituation- consists of habits and internalized roles
Performance- skills and underlying components
