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Histology > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic steps of tissue preparation?

A

1) Fixation
2) Infiltration
3) Stain

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2
Q

Characteristics of Fixation

A
  • Formalin is most common

- Formaledhyde cross links amino groups of proteins, ‘fixing’ their positions

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3
Q

Characteristics of Infiltration

A
  • Paraffin is the most common
  • It requires washing out the formalin with water, dehydration with alcohol to remove water and clearing with xylol to remove alcohol
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4
Q

Hematoxylin color

A

Blue

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5
Q

Eosin color

A

Red

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6
Q

What binds to hematoxylin?

A

Nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic RNA

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7
Q

What binds to eosin?

A

Cytoplasms and extracellular fibers

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8
Q

What retains lipids?

A

Frozen sections

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9
Q

What does methylmethacrylate do?

A

Improves resolution and/or accommodate special stains

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10
Q

Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

A
  • stains carbohydrates
  • useful to demonstrate glycogen, mucus, basement membrane and reticular fibers
  • positive sites stain a magenta color
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11
Q

Feulgen Reaction

A
  • Produces an acid hydrolysis
  • Useful to stain DNA, not RNA
  • Reaction is stoichiometric
  • Positive produces a magenta color
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12
Q

Fluorescent Dyes

A
  • AKA fluorochromes
  • Fluoroscein is the most commonly used fluorochrome
  • Fluoroscein absorbs UV light and emits green light
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13
Q

Enzymatic Histochemistry

A
  • Localizes an enzyme in tissues by its reaction product
  • A capture agent that can be visualized with a microscope is used to bind to the product, thereby localizing the enzyme.
  • Lead ions are commonly used as a capture agent
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14
Q

Simple Microscope

A

One lens

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15
Q

Compound Microscope

A

More than one lens

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16
Q

Resolving power (R.P.)

A

The distance by which two objects must be separated to be seen as two objects

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17
Q

Bright Field Light Microscope

A
  • most commonly used

- requires fixation and staining

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18
Q

Phase contrast light microscope

A
  • depends on differences in the refractive index of cell components; denser areas appear as darker images
  • enhances contrast without staining, allowing the study of living cells and tissues
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19
Q

Polarizing light microscope

A

Useful to locate structures with highly ordered, repeating molecules, such as collagen and actin.

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20
Q

Confocal light microscope

A

Utilizes lasers and reconstruction computer software to form a three-dimensional, layer-by- layer image that can be rotated and viewed from any orientation

21
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)

A
  • image appears as shades of grey on a phosphor-coated screen
  • bright areas allowed the electrons to pass through / dark areas absorbed or scattered the electrons
  • tissues are embedded in methylmethacrylate polymer
  • tissue placed on copper grids, not glass slides
22
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A
  • an electron beam scans the surface of a specimen

- reflected electrons are collected and processed to form a three-dimensional-like image on a cathode ray tube

23
Q

Atomic Force Microscope

A
  • useful to image the surface topography at molecular and atomic resolution
  • A cantilevered laser sensor either touches the surface or taps across it
  • Does not require a vacuum (unlike TEM and SEM) which therefore allows imaging of living tissues with an AFM
24
Q

Four primary types of body tissues

A

1) epithelium
2) connective tissue
3) nervous tissue
4) muscle

25
Q

Location of epithelial tissue

A
  • body coverings
  • body linings
  • glandular tissue
26
Q

Functions of epithelial tissues

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • filtration
  • secretion
27
Q

Epithelium characteristics

A
  • cells fit closely together
  • tissue layer always has one free surface
  • The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
  • Avascular (have no blood supply)
  • Regenerate easily if well nourished
28
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

one layer

29
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

more than one layer

30
Q

How to classify type of epithelium

A
  • shape of top layer

- number of layers

31
Q

Squamous

A

flattened

32
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube-shaped

33
Q

Columnar

A

Column-like

34
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • single layer of flat cells
  • usually form membranes
  • lines cavities
  • lines lungs and capillaries
35
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of cube like cells
  • common in glands and their ducts
  • forms walls of kidneys
  • covers the ovaries
36
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer of tall cells
  • often involves goblet cells
  • lines digestive tract
37
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • single layer, but some cells are shorter than others

- respiratory tract

38
Q

Stratified squamous

A
  • cells at the edge are flattened
  • found as a protective covering
  • skin, mouth, esophagus
39
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

two layers of cuboidal cells

40
Q

Stratified columnar

A

surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size

41
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • shape of cells depends on the amount of stretching

- lines the bladder

42
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

43
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelle: Microfilaments

A
  • smallest

- building block is actin

44
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelle: Intermediate filaments

A

gives strength and rigidity

45
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelle: Microtubules:

A
  • building block is tubulin

- helps move things in the cell

46
Q

Endocrine gland

A
  • ductless
  • secretions are hormones
  • associated with capillaries
47
Q

Exocrine gland

A
  • empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

- includes sweat and oil glands

48
Q

Goblet cells

A
  • Simple columnar epithelial cell

- secretes mucus

Histology (6 decks)

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