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psyc learning > Test one > Flashcards

Test one Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of learning at a behavior level?

A

the acquisition and change of an organisms behavior as a RESULT of lifetime events. it is used to describe changes in a behavior that occur as a result of interactions.

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2
Q

what is the definition of learning from a neural level?

A

its an alteration in the brain that accompany behavior change and participates in the regulation of behavior

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3
Q

how does the environment affect behavior and learning

A

Enviroment is a cause of the change of behavoir and learning is the effects.

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4
Q

what is part of the brain is affected when behaviour changes?

A

When there are changes in behaviour there are also changes in the neuroaspac

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of learning

A
  1. non contigent stimulus
  2. respondent conditioning
  3. operant conditioning.
  4. derived rational responding
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6
Q

explain non contigent stimulus and give an example

A

effects of an environment situation with one stimulus.
example:
○ Loud noise = startled response,. Its automatic responses, if you keep having loud noises the response.
Ex 2) slamming a book on the desk we would have a startled response. I he kept doing it we would get used to it and no longer response

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7
Q

reponse condtioning explain and give an example

A

effects of an environment situation with 2 stimilus.
○ Example ring the bell with food dog drools. Behavouir would be the drool.
Another example - slamming book with a light.

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8
Q

operant conditioning explain and give an example

A

2 stimili but one is before the behaviour and the other is after the behaviour.
example- link oushing food, pushing more often

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9
Q

derived rational responding

A

not being told how to do something but doing it correctly. generally by generalized opperant

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10
Q

what is the diffrence between learning and behavoiur

A

Learning- is the
Behaviour is the thing you did to have the learning

You need to have a change in behaviour to have a change in learning, you do not have to see the change in behaviour though. Behaviour is reacting to the enviroment.

behaviour can be something unseen. for example period not eating ext

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11
Q

what did Aristotle believe?

A

believed you learn through experiences
was an impiricist( nuture) - this assumes the persons abilities and tendencies are learned.

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12
Q

what did plato believe?

A

nativist -believed knowledge are born with you it is genetic.
knowledge is innate

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13
Q

what are aristotles 4 laws

A
  1. Similarity -are gonna be more ready learned, things that have similar functions
    Ex cars and truck because they have the same purpose
  2. contrast- events are seen opposite to each other
    ex day and night
  3. contigency - closeness in time and space.
    example thunder and lightning
  4. frequency - more frequent co occurrance of the events creates stronger assositation.
    ex rehearsing lines for a play repeately to memorize them
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14
Q

what did descartes believe?

A

behaviour is made up of 2 parts 1) automatic and controlled
- body is automatic but mind was voluntary ( only humans tho) because of free will

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15
Q

what did titchener believe

A
  1. structuralism- which is a psycology approach that identifies basic elements which determine structure of the mind
  2. introspection - they controlled the enviroment and then asked the participants what they were thinking and feeling. It was a research method at the time
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16
Q

what did james believe?

A
  1. fuctionalism psyc approach that assumes the midn to eveloved to help us to adapt to the world
  2. focuses on the adaptive processes and not the structure of mind
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17
Q

what did darwin believe in?

A
  1. natural selection
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18
Q

what is natural selection?

A

organisms capable of adapting to enviromental pressures are more likely to produce and pass along charcterisitcs
- traits may vary between species
- many traits can be passed onto offspring
- organisms must complete/coorerate for limited resources.

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19
Q

what are the 3 behaviours in natural selection. list explain and have an example

A
  1. Reflectes- automatic response in a specific situation. Ask for an example

2, Maps - affect the whole body and through time, ex samon to go up stream they are not tough that but do it anyway. Ex spiders doing webs they just do it. Something you do without being taught.

  1. General behavior traits - each rat is different but can bite? ( ask about this)
20
Q

what did watson believe?

A

behaviourism- focuses on enviromental influences on observable measurable behaviour
- goal = prediction and control over behaviour
instrospection is a subjective data collection metod need to be avaioded, need more reliable and valid methods.

  • if we cant measure it we shouldnt study it ( ex coincious drive) focus on what you can see
21
Q

what is methodological behavoirism?

A
  • should only study directly observed behaviours
    stimulus reposonse- connection or relationship formed between specific stimulus and specific response
22
Q

what is stimulus response theory?

A

connection or relationship formed between specific stimulus and specific response

23
Q

what is hull

A

hull is a methodology for behaviourism, it looks at the eviroment, then looks at the internal events (ex hunger) then looks at observable behaviour

24
Q

what is tollman behaviour analyize

A

looks at the enviroments, then the internal events (internal cognative process as expectations such as hypothesis) then the observable behaviour. it also uses cognitive map. - this is mental representation of spacial surroundings

25
Q

cognitive map.

A
  • this is mental representation of spacial surroundings
26
Q

what was bandura behaviour analyze

A

uses reciprocal determinsm - assumes the enviroment events, observable behaviour, thoughts feelings all influences each other

27
Q

what is radical behaviourism

A

this rejects the internal events, they only look at observable behaviours but will use internal events in the analysis when useful ( verbal behaviour)

28
Q

what is selectionalism

A

process of how natural selection, how certain traits and behaviour gets passed on through behaviour. What works now wont nessairly work later

29
Q

what are the selection consequences

A
  1. natural selection
  2. selection of operant behaviours - selects behaviours over the lifetime
  3. cultural selection - selects behaviours based off group memebers and transmitted over generations
30
Q

what are the 2 functional congnitive frameworks

A

functional approach and cognitive approach ( mental process that influecne behaviours)

31
Q

what is functional approach

A

enviroment as moderator of learning ex effects of pushing the lever for forrd depends on how long its been since its eaten

32
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

uses the enviroment situations then looks at the mental processes and then the change of behaviour ex classical conditioning

33
Q

what is an appetitive stimulus

A

event that the organism will seek ( food)

34
Q

what is aversive stimulus

A

event the organism will avoid ( shock)

35
Q

what is a response class

A

this is a collection of responses from the same function
Ex- teacher asks how to get money people answer : rob a bank, get a job, ask your parents
ex- flipping light switch, opening a window, turning on flashlight. All these result in the room lighting up.

36
Q

what is the stimulus class

A

the collection of stimuli that have the same stimulus
Ex – watching a scary movie, seeing a cop car, they would all insight fear but everyone would have a different reaction

37
Q

what is topographically

A

this is how we describe what we are measuring ex - how many times the rat touched the glass with its paws.

38
Q

what are the 4 dimensions that are measured

A

1.rate/frequency
2.insensity
3.duration/speed
4.latency

39
Q

what is direct measuring

A

recording the behaviour as it occurs in the natural or contrieved setting

40
Q

what is indirect measuring

A

this is when behaviour is not directly observed example surveys, rating scales

41
Q

what are the procedures of measuring behaviours

A

Events –We can measure this by a count or a rate at which the behavior is appearing. This also have a clear start and finish. This is also a continuous recording

Timing – this is also a continuous recording. we can record it by the duration, latency, and IRT. This also has a clear start and finish

Time sampling methods- unlike the other 2 this is discontinuous recording. this is when time is divided into equal intervals. Ex the lab with the rat. We record the behavior at the end of end of the intervals. We can also use whole, partial, momentary time sampling, placheck. And then report a percentage of intervals the behavior accord.

42
Q

what is the diffreneces in single vs group subjects

A

Similarities:
o Data Is collected
o Both use independent and dependent variables
o Both rule out alternative explanations
o Watch for internal and external validity
Differences:
single
Limited sample size
Not random samples
Every subject receives every condition
Uses visual analysis to decide significant findings
Compare level, trends and variability between conditions
Inductive – gathering info to come up with theory

group:
Large sample size
Random samples
Random assignment to conditions
Uses statistical analysis to decide significant findings
Compare averages of groups
Deductive- testing whether the theory is good

43
Q

describve reversal/withdrawl research design

A

this is a repeated measure of behavior between two treatments. (baseline, treatment, baseline, treatment)

44
Q

describe multiple baseline research design

A

this is where 2 or more behaviors are observed before manipulation. Ex – measuring there free time at unb and measuring there free time at home and looking at how much they studying at home vs at school.

45
Q

describe changing criterion research design

A

this varies the length of the phases, baseline is optional.
ex Evaluating the environment if the treatment decreased so does the rate intensity ext. ex a researcher studing

psyc learning (6 decks)

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