Test 6

Question 1

conditioned reinforcement

Answer 1

A stimulus or event that has the effect of
increasing or maintaining the rate of the response based on a conditioning
history.
* Involves a conditioning history of correspondence between an arbitrary
event/stimulus and presently effective reinforcer

Question 2

• Conditioned reinforcer:

Answer 2

: An arbitrary event that is able to increase the
frequency of an operant. * Also called a secondary reinforcer (but conditioned is preferred).

Question 3

Unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 3

A biologically relevant stimulus or event that
has a reinforcing effect without any conditioning history (food, water,
sensory stimulation).

Question 4

The Behavior of Organisms

Answer 4

• Rats exposed to a clicking sound and then given food. * The clicking sound was then used to train lever pressing. * Each presentation of the click without food was an extinction trial for conditioned reinforcement value of the click

Question 5

New-response method:

Answer 5

Testing the strength of a conditioned stimulus by
using it to train a new operant response. * Typically produces short-lived effects

Question 6

Established-response method

Answer 6

The unconditioned reinforcement is
removed (placed on extinction) and conditioned reinforcement is presented
alone. The degree to which behavior is maintained is an index of the
strength of the conditioned reinforcement.

Question 7

Sequential Compound schedules

Answer 7

• More than one schedule of reinforcement * Occur across time
• Organism has to either: * Complete ALL simple schedules to get terminal reinforcer * Chained/Tandem
• OR complete the schedule that is in effect at the time
• Mix/Multiple
• Chain and tandem (and MIX/MULT) schedules are similar EXCEPT for the presence of a separate SD
  for each link in a
  chain schedule and the absence of a unique SD
  in tandem
  schedules. * Comparing performance in equivalent chain and tandem schedules demonstrates the dual functions of the stimuli in
  chain schedules: SD
  and S r(cond). * I.E. responding across the similar schedules should be the same because the rate of reinforcement is the same…unless….

Question 8

Chained Schedule

Answer 8

Two or more simple schedules of reinforcement
that occur sequentially and are signaled with an
SD
* A sequence of SDs and responses: * Each response produces the SD for the next
response
* Each SD is also a conditioned SR+ * The last response is followed by the
natural/terminal SR+. * Terminal SR+ is dependent upon completing all
simple schedules of reinforcement.

Question 9

Tandem Schedule

Answer 9

• Two or more simple schedules of reinforcement
  that occur sequentially and are NOT signaled with
  an SD
• Terminal SR+ is dependent upon completing all
  simple schedules of reinforcement. * Set up exactly the same as a chained schedule
  Except…

Question 10

Delay-reduction hypothesis:

Answer 10

Stimuli that signal a decrease in the overall
time to reinforcement (or an increase in time to the occurrence of an
aversive) function as conditioned reinforcers. * Stimuli that signal no reduction in time to reinforcement (SΔ) or no period of
safety from an aversive event (Save) do not function as conditioned reinforcement.

Question 11

VI 30, VI 90 vs VI 90 and VI 30

Answer 11

Three possible outcomes
* The overall rate of reinforcement is the same for
both schedules, so there should be equal responding
* Indifference
* Matching
* More reinforcement in the VI 30 terminal link, so 3X the
responses in that link
* Preference for VI 90 terminal link
* Negative reinforcement for getting out of the choice link

Question 12

Generalixed conditoned reinforcement

Answer 12

: Any event/stimulus
associated with more than one unconditioned reinforcement
(e.g., money).

Question 13

• Tokens

Answer 13

: A form of generalized conditioned reinforcement that
can be stored and later exchanged for other reinforcers (money,
gift cards, etc.).

Question 14

• Correspondence relations:

Answer 14

: A special type of stimulus control where
the discriminative stimulus is a behavior of an individual and the target
response is topographically similar to the SD. * A child who observes his brother raid the cookie jar may engage in similar behavior. * Adults watch their teenagers’ dancing and repeat aspects of these
performances at a neighborhood party. *

Question 15

Types of correspondence:

Answer 15

• Modeling
• Past and current behavior
• Private events and behavior

Question 16

Observational learning

Answer 16

• Learning by observation involves doing what others do (imitating), in which the performance of an observer or learner is regulated by the actions of a model (correspondence

Question 17

Delayed imitation

Answer 17

: An imitative response that occurs some time after the model has been removed. * Requires “remembering” the modeled stimulus rather than direct stimulus control

Question 18

vicarious emotional responses

Answer 18

: Classically
conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing emotional
responses exhibited by others

Question 19

How Does Vicarious Emotional Conditioning
Work?

Answer 19

Two ways this could occur:
First, as noted in Chapter 5, an emotional response in others might act
as a US that naturally elicits the same response in us. * e.g., we might have a natural tendency to feel fearful when we see
others looking fearful
Dog (NS): Look of fear in others (US)  Fear in oneself (UR)
Dog (CS)  Fear in oneself (CR)

Second, vicarious emotional conditioning might arise through a process
of higher-order conditioning.
Look of fear in others (NS1
): Frightening event  Fear in oneself (CR)
Look of fear in others (CS1
)  Fear in oneself (CR)
Dog (NS): Look of fear in others (CS1
)  Fear in oneself (CR)
Dog (CS2
)  Fear in oneself (CR)

Question 20

True imitation

Answer 20

is a form of observational learning that involves close
duplication of a novel behavior.

Question 21

Generalized imitation

Answer 21

is the tendency to imitate new modeled behavior
with no specific reinforcement for doing so. * E.g., you observe people go to the back of a line while waiting for
something and you therefore do the same
* Children who have been repeatedly reinforced for imitating the
behavior of others will start to show a generalized tendency to imitate * Children’s tendency to engage in generalized imitation greatly
facilitates their ability to learn new behaviors

Question 22

Bandura’s Bobo doll studies:

Answer 22

• Demonstrated that children have a strong tendency to imitate aggressive
  behavior * Also showed that filmed violence can be as effective as live violence for
  inducing violence

Question 23

Rule

Answer 23

A verbal description of a contingency (also known as instructions

Question 24

Contingency-specifying stimuli

Answer 24

i: Verbal responses that describe the operating
contingencies of reinforcement such as rules, instructions, advice, and laws.

Question 25

Rule-governed behavior:

Answer 25

Behavior that is generated or governed by exposure
to rules or when a listener’s (reader’s) performance is regulated by
contingency-specifying stimuli

Question 26

Say-Do Correspondence:

Answer 26

– A close match between what we say we are going to do and what we
actually do at a later time