TEST ONE Flashcards by Christian Bernardo

mood stabilizer that worsens acne?

lithium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

side effects of lithium

cutaneous (worsens acne and PSORIASIS FLARES), tremors, hypothyroidism, diabetes insipidus (makes kidneys less sensitive to ADH), cardiac arrhytmia, GI complaints,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

differences between attachment and bonding

attachment - emotional dependence of infant on mother, involves resources and security (infant depends on mother); developed by JOHN BOLBY

bonding - mother’s feelings for infant, DOES NOT INVOLVE RESOURCES AND SECURITY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

test for CKJD?

CSF assay for 14-3-3 proteinase inhibitor proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

difference between injuries at orbitofrontal lobe and medial frontal, left frontal, right frontal?

orbitofrontal - profane, irritable, irresponsible (PERSONALITY CHANGES)

medial frontal - apathy (limited spontaneous movement, gesture, speech)

left frontal - depression

right frontal - mania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

difference between case control and cohort study

case control - START WITH DISEASE then see if there was exposure to risk factor

cohort - START WITH RISK FACTOR, and track over time to see who got the disease (retrospective, longitudinal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Concept of good enough mothering?

WINNICOTT!!!

mother plays a role in bringing the world to the infant and offering empathic anticipation of infant’s needs; this will help baby develop healthy sense of self

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sensorimotor, preoperational, thought, concrete operations, formal operations?

Piaget stages of cognitive development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

stages of separation-individuation; children develop identify separate from mothers

Mahler

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mahler stages?

normal autism, symbiosis, differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, object constancy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

brain autopsy/imaging findings Wernicke’s

microhemorrhages of periventricular gray matter, around third and fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

meperidine

opioid agonist used for pain; increases intrasynaptic SEROTONIN so don’t use with MAOIs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

UMN vs LMN

UMN - mild muscle atrophy, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, POSITIVE babinski+hoffman (middle finger flick)+pronator drift, SPASTIC paralysis,

LMN - LOTS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, absent babinski, flaccid paralysis, FASICULATIONS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who invented positive/neg reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Skinner

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who invented social learning theory we learn through modeling others and through social interaction?

Bandura

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ABCs of behavior

Antecedent (dog discovering lever releases food), then Behavior (dog keeps pushing lever), then Consequence (food keeps coming out)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Classical conditioning (US, UR, CS, CR)

unconditioned stimulus (food) -> unconditioned response (dogs salivating) -> neutral stimulus (bell) + exposure to uncontioned stimulus (food) = conditioned stimulus + conditioned response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who developed learned helplessness? (doing nothing can influence environment)

Seligman

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who studied habituation/sensitization? (

Kandel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

theory of behaviorism that environment can shape children; psychological care of infant and child

Watson

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 stages of Piaget

sensorimotor (0-2y) - 5 senses, reflexes, habits, object permanence, WORKING MEMORY
pre operational (2-7y) - symbolism, play pretend, intuitive age (asking about everything)
concrete operational (7-11) - logic, sorting, inductive reasoning, conservation (fluids), empathy
formal operational  (12+) - abstraction, hypothesize, deductive reasoning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2nd line for absence siezure after ethosux?

VPA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NTs involved in aggression?

dopamine - initiates aggression
serotonin - decreases aggression (5-HIAA)
GABA - inhibits aggression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why give positive reinforcement invariably and at different intevals?

prevents behavior from going EXTINCT!

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

generalization in classical conditioning example

transfer of conditioned response from one stimlus to another? ex: dog that salivates at bell starts salivating at cabinet

Discrimination in classical conditioning?

recogniing and responding to differences betwen different stimuli

neurofibromatosis 1 chromosome

17 (17 letters in von reckinghausen)

chromosome for neurofibromatosis 2 (vestibular schwannomas)

22 (chromosome 22 carries NF2)

What is Wisconsin Card sorting test and what does it test?

evaluates abstract reasoning and flexibility in problem solving; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION trail making test also tests executive function

onset of puberty for girls and boys

11 - girls | 13 - boys

contraindication sumitriptan

ischemic heart disesase all drugs act as potent agonists 5ht 1 B and 5ht 1 D (blood vessels)

Which drugs iincrease serum concentration of TCAs?

antipsychotics, methylphenidate, thiazides, fluoxetine, sodium bicarb

Which drugs decrease TCA concentrations in blood?

CIGARETTE SMOKING, asorbic acid, lithium, barbituates, primidone

boundaries of parietal lobe

central sulcus - anterior boundary (touches frontal lobe) | lateral sulcus - inferior boundary (touches temporal lobe)

dorsal column carries...?

fine /discriminative touch, proprioception, vibration sense

spinothalamic trac carries

pain/temp, crude touch/pressure | goes from one side of body to contralateral side of somatosensory cortex

anterior cerebral artery supplies sensation to...

lower extremities (L part of homunculus)

MCA supplies sensation to...

contralateral upper extremity and head and neck

when someone can't identify an object in their hand? term and lesion

asterognosis - parietal

pt unable to determine if finger is up or down/body part position?

astatognosis

when pt is unable to distinguish weight difference?

abarognosis - parietal lobe (somatoassociation); somatoassocation cortex

spatial coordination area?

parietal lobe

if you spill bottle of acid, what area helps coordinate sensory input from this and send it to motor cortex to make sure you move away and frontal to make sure you remember not to do ti again?

posterior association area parietal lobe (multimodal association area)

tetrad of Gerstmann syndrome?

acalculia agraphia (without alexia) - inability to produce written language R and L confusion finger agnosia (inability to name fingers) LESION IN ANGULAR GYRUS

acalculia

inabiliyt to perform simple arithmetic | lesion to PARIETAL

wernicke's area on dominant or non dominant side?

dominant (typically left)

apraxia

inablity to perform routine motor tasks (non dominant parietal lobe)

where is gerstmann syndrome lesion?

dominant parietal lobe (usually left), AROUND ANGULAR GYRUS

sudden rampage (homicide/suicide) and ends in exhaustian and amnesia

AMOK (malaysian)

delusion in Asian males who believe penis will disappear into abdomen?

Koro

anxiety, depression, confusion, depersonalization, and derealization that ends in stuporous sleep and amnesia; seen in female eskimos of northern Greenland

Piblokto

fear of being turned into a cannibal through posession of a demon (Native American)

Wihtigo

vomiting, fever, restless sleep caused by "evil eye" (mediterannean)

Mal de Ojo

hoffman's sign

thumb adducts when middle or index finger of same hand is pushed down (CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESION)

palomental reflex

chin muscle contracts as thenar eminence of palm contralateral to brain lesion is stroked with blunt instrument (frontal lobe)

loss of gag reflex (where is lesion?)

stroke involving brainstem or complete brain death

Gene's associated with Alzheimers and locations

``` Amyloid precursor protein (chromosome 21) APO e4 (chromosome 19) ```

missing sex chromosome, XO,= absent or minimal gonads

Turner's syndrome

female with no secondary sex characterisitcs/minimal gonad development

Turner's

extra chromsome XXY

Klinefelter's snydrome

male habitus but no strong male characteristics, small underdeveloped genitals, infertile, breast tissue during adolescence

Klinefelter's

how to make diagnosis of brain death

complete absence of brainstem reflexes (absent gag, fixed pupils, absent oculocephalic/oculuvestibular reflexes, absent corneal reflexes)

difference between oculucephalic and oculuvestibular reflex

oculucephalic - eyes open and down then move as you turn head oculuvestibular - caloric stimulation, cold water = nystagmus

where is norepi produced/noradrenergic neurons?

locus cerelus (CEREBRUS)

where are serotonergic neurons located?

raphe nucleis (SER RAPHAEL)

what surgery good for myastehnia gravis sometimes

thymectomy (10% of MG associated with thymoma)

what agent used to dx myasthenia gravis

edrophonium chloride (tensilon) - short acting cholinergic agent

treatment options for MG

pyridostigmine, plasmapharesis, IV IG, thymetctomy

EEG finding MG?

decerased amplitude (decrement) upon rapid repetitive muscle stimulation)

newonset headache/worsening headache, fever, fatigue, myalgia, nightsweats, jaw claudication, VISION LOSS

temporal arteritis

initial test of choice for tempral arteritis

ESR!...then can go to temporal artery biopsy if ESR is elevated

treatment of temporal arteritis?

PREDNISONE

concept that mental disorders have different outcomes?

emil KRAEPELIN (differentiated chronic schizophrenia and manic psychosis)

who termed dementia praecox?

Kraeplin (borrowed from MOREL)

concept of "transitional object"

WINNICOTT

who wrote on narcicissim and self psychology

Kohut

who formalized name schizohprenia and stressed that it need not have a deteriorating course?

Bleuler

cluster headaches usually occur when?

nighttime, attacks of short duration (3 hours or less),, cyclical pattern mainly in spring and fall

cluster headaches more common in males or females

males

contraindications buproprion

HEAD TRAUAMA, seizure history, recent MAOI use (hypertensive crisis), anorexia hypertension is NOT a contraindication

what mood stbailizer can be given with MAOI

lithium

which therapies can cause peripheral neuropathy?

vincristine (chemo) and isoniazid, excess b6 therapy

neuro complication of EBV?

peripheral neuropathy

sodium level in psychogenic polydipsia and diabetes insipidus

polydipsa - serum sodium is LOW (excess water into body from drinking) DI - serum sodium is HIGH (water moved out of body via urine and not replaced, urine dilute, serum high with Na)

progressive muscle weakness, generalized fatigue, red non pruitic rash on face/body (around knees and elbows)

dermatomyositis; CHECK FOR CANCER

T/F: impairment in daily functioning needs to be present for diagnosis of delusional disorder

FALSE

female orgasm increases with age

TRUE

which anticonvulsant causes hirsutism, facial dysmorphism, and gingival hypertrophy?

phenytoin (can also cause cerebellar atrophy)

R writ and fingers weak, weakness when tries to extend arm, trouble turning farm over when palm is on flat surface

saturday night palsy (RADIAL NERVE COMPRESSION)

elbow injury causing weakness in hand muscles and 4th/5th finger flexor weakness

ulnar nerve compression

hand paresthesias, thenar atrophy, and positive Tinel sign (percussion of nerve over wrist causes numbness)

carpal tunnel...MEDIAN NERVE PALSY

manuever to flex hand at wrist for 1 minute which can elicit numbness

Phalen's manuever for dx carpal tunnel

diagnostic test of choice for carpal tunnel syndrome

needle EMG and nervce conduction studies

weakness in biceps and brachialism

musculocutaneous nerve injury

treatment for cataplexy assocaited with narcolepsy

sodium oxybate (GHB)

decline in energy with no clear cause; diagnosed 6 months after severe fatigue

chronic fatigue syndrome

what Piaget stage does child develop idea that objects can change but also maintain characteristics that allow them to be the same

CONSERVATION IS SEEN IN CONCRETE OPERATIONS stage | reversiblity also in this stage

face of fragile X

long ears, narrow face, short stature, hyperextendable joints, ARCHED PALATE, macro-orchidism

what mood stabilizer is the classic inhibitor of cyp 3a4

VPA! causes inhibition of clearance of lamotrigine)

which MAOI selectively in hibits MAO B at lower doses

selegiline

which substance when abused long term can lower dopamine transmission/lead to hypodopaminergic state?

cocaine (blocks dopamine reuptake from synapctic cleft leading to increased levels in short term but chronically can lead to depletion of dopamine)

list dopamine agonists

PERGOLIDE BROMOCRIPTINE PRAMIPEXOLE ROPINIROLE (restless legs)

what is the one atypical antipsychotic that inhibits serotonin and norepi reuptake?

ziprasodone!! (inhibits 5ht1a receptor too when all the other atypicals bloc 5ht2a and dopamine d2 rceptors)

which atyphical works as partial dopamine agonist at D2 receptor?

aripiprazole (also works as partial agonist at 5ht1a receptor and blocker at 5ht2a receptor)

which is the only ligand gated serotonin receptor (others are G protein coupled)

5ht3

which serotonin receptors are inhibitory

5ht1 and 5ht5

which serotonin receptors are excitatotry

5ht2,4,6,7 5ht3 also excitatotory but also remember it's ionotropic/igand gated NOT metabotropic/g-protein

wing flapping coarse tremor of upper extremity, ataxia, rapidly progressing confusional state developing over several months

WILSONS! dx with serum ceruloplasmin level and rx with pencillamine (cooperchelator)

which test has high reliability?

Wechsler adult intellligance scale (results conssitent throughout lifetime and repeatable)

null hypothesis rejected (there is a change) when it should've been retained (there actually isn't a change)

type I error

null hypothesis retained (there is no difference) when it should have been rejected (there really is a difference)

type II error

randomization protectes against what kind of bias?

selection bias

increasing power of a study does what to error

lowers type II error

the probability of finding a true difference between samples

power (rejecting null hypothesis when it should be rejected, type II error)

number of people who have a disorder at a specified point in time

point prevalance (number of people who have disorder divided by number of people in population at that time)

how long can each susbtance be detected in urine? PCP, cannabis, cocaine, heroin

PCP - 8 days cannabis - 4 weeks cocaine - up to 8 hours heroin - up to 72 hours

hemotologic effect of carbamazepine

leukopenia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, aplastic anemia!!! get CBC if concerned

eye findings schziophrenia

abnormal smooth pueruist and saccades

pathologic gambling most associated with what comorbid psych disorder?

mood! particularly MDD

with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (abnormal horizontal ocular movements with delayed adduction of ipsilateral eye), often seen in MS, where is the lesion?

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)