PRITE Flashcards
1
Q
OCPs to lamotrigine?
A
decreases levels
2
Q
immunomodulator that increases risk for depression
A
interferon
3
Q
gait imbalance in feet, spastic legs, absent vibration in toes after gastric bypass; normal b12
A
copper deficiency
4
Q
common side effect of rivastigmine
A
bradycardia
5
Q
2nd generation antipsychotic with lowest D2 affinity
A
quetiapine
6
Q
condition with icnreased frequency in patients with HIV on long term HAART
A
hepatotoxicity
7
Q
inhibitors of enzyome catechol-o-matheyltransferatase used in Parkinsons to address wich disease assocaited problem?
A
wearing off of levodopa effect
8
Q
what med reduces accumulation of plaques and disability in pt’s with relapsing remitting MS
A
interferon beta 1 1a
9
Q
medication helpful in early HIV dementia but potentially toxic later in disease?
A
methylphenidate
10
Q
acamporsate works thorugh which NT system?
A
glutamate
11
Q
adult neurogenesis happens where?
A
hippocampus
12
Q
orexin made in what part of the brain?
A
lateral hyopthalamic nuclei
13
Q
brain area ctivetated by subliminmal presentations of emotional faces
A
amygdala
14
Q
where does histamine synthesis happen?
A
hypothalamus
15
Q
which dopaminergic pathway includes nucleus accumbens and also mediates addiction and associated behaviors/reinforcing
A
mesolimbic
16
Q
which brian region does leptin work?
A
hypothalamus
17
Q
oxytocin suppresses which brain region?
A
amydala
18
Q
hypothalamus area for maternal behavior
A
pre-optic
19
Q
cranial nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation
A
vagal nerve CN X
20
Q
development of CNS in first two years of life
A
motor cortex develps before sensoyr cortexy
21
Q
what forms the nural tube?
A
ectoderm
22
Q
neurogenesis in adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?
A
dentate gyrus
23
Q
bipolar disorder involves decreased connectivity in which two areas?
A
amydala and prefrontal cortex
24
Q
CNS response to fear mediated by what structure?
A
CENTRAL nucleus of amygdala
25
area of brain responsible for face recognition?
fusisorm gyrus
26
which part of cortical-striatal-palladal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?
lateral orbitofrontal
27
which circuit mediates ability to resist responding to aggraving situations with hostility
orbitofrontal (lateral)
28
which comprises circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms
prefrontal
striatum
thalamus (cortico-striatical-thalamic)
29
hyperactivity of orbitofrontal, basal gangila, and thalamus is assocaited with what disorder
OCD
30
BBB comprises of what type of cells
endothelial ells
31
development of gray matter volume peaks at what stage?
late childhood
32
where are stem cells in hippocampus for adult brains?
subgranular zone
33
bilateral extermiety weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which artery?
anterior cerebral
34
blockig R PCA causes which visual disturbance?
left homomynmous hemianopsia
35
clinical syndrome with occlusion of cortical branch of posterior cerebral artery resulting in which of the ollowing?
homomynous hemanopia with alexia without agraphia
36
intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressu,re temp, pain, vibration, and proprioception bu can't recognie options based on touch? which brain region
posterior parietal lolobe
37
loss of ability to execute previousl ylearned motor activities (no weakness/sensory loss) is associated with lesion of what?
L parietal lobe
38
conduction aphasia damage to what?
arcuate fasciculus
39
lesion akinetic mutism (like catatonia but now echolalia or weird movements)
anterior cingulate gyrus
40
target DBS for Parkinson's
subthalamic nucleus
41
uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?
ant temporal and ventral prefrontal regions
42
when does synaptogenesis peak?
first 4 years of life
43
why does brain rapidly inc in size from birth to two years old?
synpatogenesis of neurons
44
where does neuro morphology in brian change the most?
prefrontal cortex
45
Huntington's disease characterized by loss of neuron producing which NT
GABA
46
part of hypothalamus is responsible for satiety
ventromedial hypothalamus (ventromeal makes you full)
47
what is function of brain's default mode network?
involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli
48
why are adults better than adolescence in abstract thinking? mechanism
synaptic pruning
49
95% of R handed people develope L hemisphreic dominance for language; what % of L handed people develope L hemispheric dominance for language
75%
50
neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?
amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray
51
brain area tested in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
DLPFC
52
after middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep sindle density
frontal and occipital lobes
53
what type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in PNS
schwann cells (oligdendryocytes form myelin in CNS)
54
CNS cell that works as macrophage/scavenger clean up cell in CNS?
microglia
55
function of astrocytes?
CNS makes chemical environment for neuronal signaling (provide nutrients, support, maintain neurons)
56
which cells make CSF
ependymal cells
57
area of brain responsbile for face recognition
L parietal (fusiform gyrun)
58
which nucleus in hypothalamus key to integration of neural and nutrient signals from small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem?
arcuate nuclues
59
arcuate nuclues of hypothalamus syntehsizes which hormone
neuropeptide Y
60
region of the brain connected with Anterior medial frontal cortext during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neurons
insula
61
corticotropin releasing hormone released from brain region during stress
paraventricular neuclues
62
decreased activity of what area in PTSD?
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
63
diencephalo is precurosr to whcih brian structure?
thalamus
64
which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?
infundibular
65
corticobulbar fibers run thorugh which of the internal capsul
genu
66
volume of hippocampus in PTSD
decreased
67
which brain lobe responsbile for iINITIAL detection of shape, form, and color
temporal lobe
68
TWO AREAS where dopamine bodies located
substantia nigra
VTA
69
AFP levels in spina bifida OCCULTA
normal! no increase during pregnancy
70
when does neural tube start forming
25 days gestation/3 weeks gestation
71
germ cell type for CNS
ectoderm (also forms the skin)
72
embroyonic origin of thalamus
forebrain -> diencephalon - > thalamus + 3rd ventricle
73
embryonic origin midbrain
midbrain -> mesencephalon -> midbrain + aqueduct
74
embroynic origin of pons and cerebellum
hindbrain/rhombencephalon -> metencephalon -> pons + cerebellum
75
embroynic origin medulla
hindbrain/rhombencephalin -> myelence[phalon - > medulla + lower 4th ventricle
76
embryonic origin cerebral hemispheres
proencepehlano/forebrain -> TELencephalon -> cerebral hemispheres
77
location that mediates interpretation emotions
insula
78
pedigree: present every generation, sexes affected eqaully, father can pass it to son
AD
79
pedigree: present each generation, affects both sexes eqaully, father does not pass to son
x-linked dominant (FRAGILE X)
80
sleep waves when awake but eyes closed
alpha waves
81
childhood trauma, which increases risk for depression and PTSD has been correlated with an increase in expression of which of the following genes?
FKBP5
82
ketamine rapid antidepressant effect thought to be action on which NT?
glutamate (NMDA RECEPTOR BLOCKER)
83
two places where neurogenesis can occur in adults
the lateral subventricular zone (SVZ) and the DG of the hippocampus
lateral ventricle + dentate gyrus of hippoampus
84
Pt with MS treated with immunosupporesant develops weakness/cognitive declines; MRI shows multiple non-enhancing plaques; dx?
JC virus
85
how often should nursing home residents be evaluated by interdisciplinary team in multipel areas of cognitive/affective function using standardized instrument?
quarterly
86
pt with ovarian mass has neuropsychotirc symptoms (chorea, seizure, respiratory diffculty); dx and test?
anti NMDA receptor encephalitis; CSF analysis for antibodies to NMDA receptor
87
too much of what vitamin supplement can cause numbness/tingling/pain n feet/ataxia/painful skin lesinos
B6 (pyridoxine)
88
which neuropeptide implicated in panic disorder?
cholecystokinin (CCK)
89
core competencies (6)
professionalism
medical knowledge
communication/interpersonal (pt families, work with team members, documentation)
systems based practice (cost conscious, patient safety, coordinating with other health providers, cost/benefit)
patient care (interview, assessment, dx, management)
practice based learning/improvement (QI, feedback, lit review)
90
best treatment choice for ADHD in context of epileptic disorder stable on anticonvuslants?
methylphenidate
91
what blood level to obtain in child ith pica?
iron
zinc
LEAD!!!! (esp if child eating paint)
92
best predictor psychosis relapse in year after first break psychosis?
med non-adherence
93
postmenopausal women, greatest psychological contributor to sexual interest/arousa disoder is low level of?
testosterone
94
which statistical methods attempts ot address effects of participants dropping out of a study prior to completion?
last observation carried forward
95
odds ratio refers to what value in epimediologic studies?
relative risk
96
________ has a metabolite which is in allosteric modulator of Gaba A receptor (hormone)
progesterone
97
which can be caused by a MONOGENC mutation
fragile X syndrome
98
decrease in which immune factor has evidence supporting role in MDD?
natural killer cell activity
99
which has greatest genetic contribution based on heritability index
cocaine use disorder
100
which imaging technique is most likely to support dx of FTD early in evolution?
FDG PET scan
101
effect of acticating GABA-A recepor?
Cl efflux hyperpolarizes neuron
102
which type of obsession is more common in adults than in adolescents with OCD?
sexual
103
measure that something measures what it's supposed to
CONSTRUCT
104
what kind of validity descriebs degree to which various items of an instrument collectively cover material that is suposed to be included in certain questionaiires or inventories?
CONTENT VALIDITY
105
what is the most clinically relevant reason to use edinburgh postnatal depression scale as dep screen in postpartum women?
it de-emphasizes somatci symptoms of depression
106
which of the following characteristiscs of MDD is indicative of greater overall severity?
psychomotor disturbance
107
cognitive therapy technique to uncover and modify automatic negative thoughts
socratic quesitoning
108
chance of developing schizophrenia most enhanced by which of following environmental risk factors?
PRENATAL VIRAL INFECTION
109
CBD found to be efficacious in which disorder?
Dravet syndrome
110
clusters of alleles inherited as a single unit/in linkage disequilibrium
haplotypes
111
co-prescription of which analgesic med causess rise in lithium?
celecoxib
112
rehab programs/support groups what kind of prevention?
tertiary
113
use of mental health courts shown to increase what?
engagement in community treatment
114
what is a first line assessment tool for ASD (genetic technique)
chromosomal microarray
115
what characterisitic do infants iwth slow to warm up and difficult tempeaments have in common?
social inhibition
116
what sexual activity preserved in older adults?
sexual touching
117
what type of guardianship reocmmended for 75 yo with advanced dementia refusing nursing home placement
guardian of person
118
more common in women than men after spouse dies?
increased life dissatisfaction
119
special privacy consideration/exception for adult in correctional setting
imminent plans to escape or create disorder
120
three ionotropic glutamate receptors
AMPA
NMDA
Ketamine (KA)
121
which study used to determine PREVALENCE
cross sectional
122
which type of study involves odds ratio
case control
123
limitation/issue with retrospective studies (i.e. cohort studies)
recall bias
124
what study type to determine incidence and relative risk?
cohort study
125
what kind of study aims to increase POWER of results
meta analyses
126
meta anlysis prone to what kinds of bias
selection bias
publication bias
127
what kind of study uses forest plots and confidence intervals?
meta analyses
128
discordant results in twin studies?
less strongly heritable (twin A has but twin B doesn't)
129
analyze role of environment by studying siblings that were separated?
adoption studies (how we know IQ is mostly genetic; separated twins had identical IQs)
130
low power equals what to error?
high type II error (when there is lots of type II error, study has inadequate power)...INCREASE THE SAMPLE SIZE to improve power
131
bias when study participatn changes behavior due to being watched by observer
hawthorne effect (social media knows they're being measured)
132
what bias occurs when high expecation lead to increased performances (aka self-fulfilling prophecy/Pygmalian)
observer-expectancy bias
133
procedure bias occurs when....
pt in different arms in study are treated diferently (not able to blind adequately); introduces confounders
134
when you stratify odds ratio, what are you decreasing?
confounders
135
what kind of bias occurs when info is gathered/measured during a test that distorts the data
measurement bias
136
what kind of bias is prominent in retrospective studies (i.e. case control)?
recall bias (remembered fact)
