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PRITE Flashcards

1
Q

OCPs to lamotrigine?

A

decreases levels

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2
Q

immunomodulator that increases risk for depression

A

interferon

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3
Q

gait imbalance in feet, spastic legs, absent vibration in toes after gastric bypass; normal b12

A

copper deficiency

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4
Q

common side effect of rivastigmine

A

bradycardia

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5
Q

2nd generation antipsychotic with lowest D2 affinity

A

quetiapine

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6
Q

condition with icnreased frequency in patients with HIV on long term HAART

A

hepatotoxicity

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7
Q

inhibitors of enzyome catechol-o-matheyltransferatase used in Parkinsons to address wich disease assocaited problem?

A

wearing off of levodopa effect

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8
Q

what med reduces accumulation of plaques and disability in pt’s with relapsing remitting MS

A

interferon beta 1 1a

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9
Q

medication helpful in early HIV dementia but potentially toxic later in disease?

A

methylphenidate

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10
Q

acamporsate works thorugh which NT system?

A

glutamate

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11
Q

adult neurogenesis happens where?

A

hippocampus

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12
Q

orexin made in what part of the brain?

A

lateral hyopthalamic nuclei

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13
Q

brain area ctivetated by subliminmal presentations of emotional faces

A

amygdala

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14
Q

where does histamine synthesis happen?

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

which dopaminergic pathway includes nucleus accumbens and also mediates addiction and associated behaviors/reinforcing

A

mesolimbic

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16
Q

which brian region does leptin work?

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

oxytocin suppresses which brain region?

A

amydala

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18
Q

hypothalamus area for maternal behavior

A

pre-optic

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19
Q

cranial nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation

A

vagal nerve CN X

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20
Q

development of CNS in first two years of life

A

motor cortex develps before sensoyr cortexy

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21
Q

what forms the nural tube?

A

ectoderm

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22
Q

neurogenesis in adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?

A

dentate gyrus

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23
Q

bipolar disorder involves decreased connectivity in which two areas?

A

amydala and prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

CNS response to fear mediated by what structure?

A

CENTRAL nucleus of amygdala

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25
Q

area of brain responsible for face recognition?

A

fusisorm gyrus

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26
Q

which part of cortical-striatal-palladal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?

A

lateral orbitofrontal

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27
Q

which circuit mediates ability to resist responding to aggraving situations with hostility

A

orbitofrontal (lateral)

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28
Q

which comprises circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms

A

prefrontal
striatum
thalamus (cortico-striatical-thalamic)

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29
Q

hyperactivity of orbitofrontal, basal gangila, and thalamus is assocaited with what disorder

A

OCD

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30
Q

BBB comprises of what type of cells

A

endothelial ells

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31
Q

development of gray matter volume peaks at what stage?

A

late childhood

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32
Q

where are stem cells in hippocampus for adult brains?

A

subgranular zone

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33
Q

bilateral extermiety weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which artery?

A

anterior cerebral

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34
Q

blockig R PCA causes which visual disturbance?

A

left homomynmous hemianopsia

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35
Q

clinical syndrome with occlusion of cortical branch of posterior cerebral artery resulting in which of the ollowing?

A

homomynous hemanopia with alexia without agraphia

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36
Q

intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressu,re temp, pain, vibration, and proprioception bu can’t recognie options based on touch? which brain region

A

posterior parietal lolobe

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37
Q

loss of ability to execute previousl ylearned motor activities (no weakness/sensory loss) is associated with lesion of what?

A

L parietal lobe

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38
Q

conduction aphasia damage to what?

A

arcuate fasciculus

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39
Q

lesion akinetic mutism (like catatonia but now echolalia or weird movements)

A

anterior cingulate gyrus

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40
Q

target DBS for Parkinson’s

A

subthalamic nucleus

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41
Q

uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

A

ant temporal and ventral prefrontal regions

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42
Q

when does synaptogenesis peak?

A

first 4 years of life

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43
Q

why does brain rapidly inc in size from birth to two years old?

A

synpatogenesis of neurons

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44
Q

where does neuro morphology in brian change the most?

A

prefrontal cortex

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45
Q

Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neuron producing which NT

A

GABA

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46
Q

part of hypothalamus is responsible for satiety

A

ventromedial hypothalamus (ventromeal makes you full)

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47
Q

what is function of brain’s default mode network?

A

involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli

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48
Q

why are adults better than adolescence in abstract thinking? mechanism

A

synaptic pruning

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49
Q

95% of R handed people develope L hemisphreic dominance for language; what % of L handed people develope L hemispheric dominance for language

A

75%

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50
Q

neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray

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51
Q

brain area tested in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A

DLPFC

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52
Q

after middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep sindle density

A

frontal and occipital lobes

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53
Q

what type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in PNS

A

schwann cells (oligdendryocytes form myelin in CNS)

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54
Q

CNS cell that works as macrophage/scavenger clean up cell in CNS?

A

microglia

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55
Q

function of astrocytes?

A

CNS makes chemical environment for neuronal signaling (provide nutrients, support, maintain neurons)

56
Q

which cells make CSF

A

ependymal cells

57
Q

area of brain responsbile for face recognition

A

L parietal (fusiform gyrun)

58
Q

which nucleus in hypothalamus key to integration of neural and nutrient signals from small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem?

A

arcuate nuclues

59
Q

arcuate nuclues of hypothalamus syntehsizes which hormone

A

neuropeptide Y

60
Q

region of the brain connected with Anterior medial frontal cortext during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neurons

A

insula

61
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone released from brain region during stress

A

paraventricular neuclues

62
Q

decreased activity of what area in PTSD?

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

63
Q

diencephalo is precurosr to whcih brian structure?

A

thalamus

64
Q

which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?

A

infundibular

65
Q

corticobulbar fibers run thorugh which of the internal capsul

A

genu

66
Q

volume of hippocampus in PTSD

A

decreased

67
Q

which brain lobe responsbile for iINITIAL detection of shape, form, and color

A

temporal lobe

68
Q

TWO AREAS where dopamine bodies located

A

substantia nigra
VTA

69
Q

AFP levels in spina bifida OCCULTA

A

normal! no increase during pregnancy

70
Q

when does neural tube start forming

A

25 days gestation/3 weeks gestation

71
Q

germ cell type for CNS

A

ectoderm (also forms the skin)

72
Q

embroyonic origin of thalamus

A

forebrain -> diencephalon - > thalamus + 3rd ventricle

73
Q

embryonic origin midbrain

A

midbrain -> mesencephalon -> midbrain + aqueduct

74
Q

embroynic origin of pons and cerebellum

A

hindbrain/rhombencephalon -> metencephalon -> pons + cerebellum

75
Q

embroynic origin medulla

A

hindbrain/rhombencephalin -> myelence[phalon - > medulla + lower 4th ventricle

76
Q

embryonic origin cerebral hemispheres

A

proencepehlano/forebrain -> TELencephalon -> cerebral hemispheres

77
Q

location that mediates interpretation emotions

A

insula

78
Q

pedigree: present every generation, sexes affected eqaully, father can pass it to son

A

AD

79
Q

pedigree: present each generation, affects both sexes eqaully, father does not pass to son

A

x-linked dominant (FRAGILE X)

80
Q

sleep waves when awake but eyes closed

A

alpha waves

81
Q

childhood trauma, which increases risk for depression and PTSD has been correlated with an increase in expression of which of the following genes?

A

FKBP5

82
Q

ketamine rapid antidepressant effect thought to be action on which NT?

A

glutamate (NMDA RECEPTOR BLOCKER)

83
Q

two places where neurogenesis can occur in adults

A

the lateral subventricular zone (SVZ) and the DG of the hippocampus

lateral ventricle + dentate gyrus of hippoampus

84
Q

Pt with MS treated with immunosupporesant develops weakness/cognitive declines; MRI shows multiple non-enhancing plaques; dx?

A

JC virus

85
Q

how often should nursing home residents be evaluated by interdisciplinary team in multipel areas of cognitive/affective function using standardized instrument?

A

quarterly

86
Q

pt with ovarian mass has neuropsychotirc symptoms (chorea, seizure, respiratory diffculty); dx and test?

A

anti NMDA receptor encephalitis; CSF analysis for antibodies to NMDA receptor

87
Q

too much of what vitamin supplement can cause numbness/tingling/pain n feet/ataxia/painful skin lesinos

A

B6 (pyridoxine)

88
Q

which neuropeptide implicated in panic disorder?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

89
Q

core competencies (6)

A

professionalism
medical knowledge
communication/interpersonal (pt families, work with team members, documentation)
systems based practice (cost conscious, patient safety, coordinating with other health providers, cost/benefit)
patient care (interview, assessment, dx, management)
practice based learning/improvement (QI, feedback, lit review)

90
Q

best treatment choice for ADHD in context of epileptic disorder stable on anticonvuslants?

A

methylphenidate

91
Q

what blood level to obtain in child ith pica?

A

iron
zinc
LEAD!!!! (esp if child eating paint)

92
Q

best predictor psychosis relapse in year after first break psychosis?

A

med non-adherence

93
Q

postmenopausal women, greatest psychological contributor to sexual interest/arousa disoder is low level of?

A

testosterone

94
Q

which statistical methods attempts ot address effects of participants dropping out of a study prior to completion?

A

last observation carried forward

95
Q

odds ratio refers to what value in epimediologic studies?

A

relative risk

96
Q

________ has a metabolite which is in allosteric modulator of Gaba A receptor (hormone)

A

progesterone

97
Q

which can be caused by a MONOGENC mutation

A

fragile X syndrome

98
Q

decrease in which immune factor has evidence supporting role in MDD?

A

natural killer cell activity

99
Q

which has greatest genetic contribution based on heritability index

A

cocaine use disorder

100
Q

which imaging technique is most likely to support dx of FTD early in evolution?

A

FDG PET scan

101
Q

effect of acticating GABA-A recepor?

A

Cl efflux hyperpolarizes neuron

102
Q

which type of obsession is more common in adults than in adolescents with OCD?

A

sexual

103
Q

measure that something measures what it’s supposed to

A

CONSTRUCT

104
Q

what kind of validity descriebs degree to which various items of an instrument collectively cover material that is suposed to be included in certain questionaiires or inventories?

A

CONTENT VALIDITY

105
Q

what is the most clinically relevant reason to use edinburgh postnatal depression scale as dep screen in postpartum women?

A

it de-emphasizes somatci symptoms of depression

106
Q

which of the following characteristiscs of MDD is indicative of greater overall severity?

A

psychomotor disturbance

107
Q

cognitive therapy technique to uncover and modify automatic negative thoughts

A

socratic quesitoning

108
Q

chance of developing schizophrenia most enhanced by which of following environmental risk factors?

A

PRENATAL VIRAL INFECTION

109
Q

CBD found to be efficacious in which disorder?

A

Dravet syndrome

110
Q

clusters of alleles inherited as a single unit/in linkage disequilibrium

A

haplotypes

111
Q

co-prescription of which analgesic med causess rise in lithium?

A

celecoxib

112
Q

rehab programs/support groups what kind of prevention?

A

tertiary

113
Q

use of mental health courts shown to increase what?

A

engagement in community treatment

114
Q

what is a first line assessment tool for ASD (genetic technique)

A

chromosomal microarray

115
Q

what characterisitic do infants iwth slow to warm up and difficult tempeaments have in common?

A

social inhibition

116
Q

what sexual activity preserved in older adults?

A

sexual touching

117
Q

what type of guardianship reocmmended for 75 yo with advanced dementia refusing nursing home placement

A

guardian of person

118
Q

more common in women than men after spouse dies?

A

increased life dissatisfaction

119
Q

special privacy consideration/exception for adult in correctional setting

A

imminent plans to escape or create disorder

120
Q

three ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

AMPA
NMDA
Ketamine (KA)

121
Q

which study used to determine PREVALENCE

A

cross sectional

122
Q

which type of study involves odds ratio

A

case control

123
Q

limitation/issue with retrospective studies (i.e. cohort studies)

A

recall bias

124
Q

what study type to determine incidence and relative risk?

A

cohort study

125
Q

what kind of study aims to increase POWER of results

A

meta analyses

126
Q

meta anlysis prone to what kinds of bias

A

selection bias
publication bias

127
Q

what kind of study uses forest plots and confidence intervals?

A

meta analyses

128
Q

discordant results in twin studies?

A

less strongly heritable (twin A has but twin B doesn’t)

129
Q

analyze role of environment by studying siblings that were separated?

A

adoption studies (how we know IQ is mostly genetic; separated twins had identical IQs)

130
Q

low power equals what to error?

A

high type II error (when there is lots of type II error, study has inadequate power)…INCREASE THE SAMPLE SIZE to improve power

131
Q

bias when study participatn changes behavior due to being watched by observer

A

hawthorne effect (social media knows they’re being measured)

132
Q

what bias occurs when high expecation lead to increased performances (aka self-fulfilling prophecy/Pygmalian)

A

observer-expectancy bias

133
Q

procedure bias occurs when….

A

pt in different arms in study are treated diferently (not able to blind adequately); introduces confounders

134
Q

when you stratify odds ratio, what are you decreasing?

A

confounders

135
Q

what kind of bias occurs when info is gathered/measured during a test that distorts the data

A

measurement bias

136
Q

what kind of bias is prominent in retrospective studies (i.e. case control)?

A

recall bias (remembered fact)

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