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Preeti: Anesthesiology (2016) > Test II: Ruminant Anesthesia > Flashcards

Test II: Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general recommendation for

withdrawal time of MILK after

ruminant anesthesia?

A

3 days at least

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2
Q

What is the general recommendation for

withdrawal time of MEAT after

ruminant anesthesia?

A

7 days at least

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3
Q

T/F:

Ruminants are the most sensitive species

to the effects of Xylazine

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What type of ruminant is the MOST

sensitive to the effects of xylazine

A

Goats

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5
Q

List the species in order of their increasing

tolerance to the effects of xylazine

A

Goats> Cows> Sheep

(Brahman>Holstein>Hereford)

(then horse>swine)

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6
Q

Xylazine and Detomidine are

both this type of drug

A

Alpha-2 Agonists

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7
Q

This drug can produce uterine contractions

in ruminants, potentially causing an abortion

A

Xylazine

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8
Q

Which alpha-2 agonist would you choose

to use in a pregnant cow for anesthesia?

A

Detomidine

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9
Q

This drug causes hyperglycemia in

cattle and sheep

A

Xylazine

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10
Q

Why should you avoid xylazine in sheep?

A

Xylazine causes hypoxemia and

associated pulmonary edema in sheep

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11
Q

What are the systemic side effects

associated with Alpha-2 Agonists?

A

CV depression

Respiratory depression

Decreased motility –> rumen atony and bloat

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12
Q

Which of the following drugs

has a profound depressant effect on the GIT?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

A

Opioids

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13
Q

Which of the following drugs is used to

sedate small and young ruminants?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

A

Benzodiazepines

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14
Q

Which of the following drugs SHOULD NOT

be used in debilitated animals?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

A

Acepromazine and

Alpha-2 Agonists (xylazine, detomidine)

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15
Q

Which of the following drugs

produces profound sedation?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

A

Alpha-2 Agonists

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16
Q

Which of the following drugs should you AVOID

in large ruminants (unless used in induction)

due to it causing Ataxia?

Acepromazine

Alpha-2 Agonists

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

A

Benzodiazepines

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17
Q

Because ruminants are so sensitive to

Xylazine, what is the recommended dosage?

A

20 mg/mL

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18
Q

What drug can be added in standing sedation

to decrease the dose of xylazine?

A

Butorphanol

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19
Q

A young calf was sedated with Xylazine

in order to acquire rads for its head.

What can you use at the end of the procedure

to reverse the profound sedatory effects of

Xylazine?

A

Yohimbine, Atipamezole, or Tolazoline

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20
Q

For which nerve is a local anesthetic block

indicated for dehorning in cattle?

A

Cornual branch of the

zygomaticotemporal (lachrymal) nerve

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21
Q

Caudal epidural is indicated in which

two circumstances?

A

obstetric procedures

and

rectal tenesmus

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22
Q

Between which 2 vertebrae is the needle

placed for a caudal epidural?

A

Between Co1 and Co2

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23
Q

T/F: A standing anesthetic procedure can

be performed for the following scenarios:

Laparotomy

Rumenectomy

Celiotomy

C-section

Ovariectomy

Correction of GI displacement

A

TRUE

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24
Q

What is the reversal agent of choice

for Alpha-2 Agonist use in ruminants?

A

Tolazoline

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25
Q

What mode of administration should you

use for Tolazoline

(reversal agent of Alpha-2 Agonists like Xylazine)

and why?

A

IM!

Serious side effects with IV admin

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26
Q

What is the fasting protocol for

General Anesthesia in adult cattle?

A

No food for at least 24h

No water for 12 - 18h

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27
Q

What is the fasting protocol for

General Anesthesia in

calves, sheep, and goats?

A

No food for 12 - 18h

No water for 8 - 12h

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28
Q

This is a common vagal effect

of fasting in cattle

A

bradycardia

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29
Q

What vein is used for general anesthesia

in ruminants?

A

Jugular vein

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30
Q

What is the minimum catheter size

to use in ruminants?

A

14g

31
Q

What meds are used in ruminants

for sedation/premed?

A

Acepromazine

Xylazine

Detomidine

Butorphanol

32
Q

Why can premedication not be necessary

in ruminants?

A

If tractable, may walk into induction room,

so sedation becomes a part of induction

33
Q

This drug is a centrally acting

muscle relaxant.

It provides no sedation or analgesia.

It is used to improve quality of anesthesia

and

reduce the dosage rate of the anesthetic.

It has NO CV or Respiratory effects

(unless very high dose)

A

GG 5%

Gualacolate Glycerine

34
Q

What are the options for induction in ruminants?

A

1: Xylazine + Butorphanol–>

GG–>Thiopental <strong>or</strong> Ketamine +/- Diazepam

2. Xylazine + Butorphanol –>

GG + Ketamine = Double Drip

3. Xylazine + Butorphanol–>

GG + Thiopental

35
Q

1 mL = _____ mg

A

1 mL = .001 mg

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of GG?

A

Slower induction and large volume of

drug to administer

37
Q

T/F: Ruminants should always be

kept sternal once down until intubated

(and cuff inflated)

A

TRUE

38
Q

When positioning a ruminant in lateral recumbency

for general anesthesia, why should

you keep their legs parallel?

A

To prevent nerve damage and

muscle myopathy

39
Q

What is the protocol for maintenance of

GA in ruminants?

A

O2 Flow/Isoflurane

Balanced electrolyte solution

Intra-op Butorphanol (analgesia)

Ketamine, GG, Thiopental on hand in case too light

40
Q

What artery is used for for direct blood pressure monitoring and blood gas analysis?

A

Auricular artery

41
Q

T/F:

Indirect BP monitoring is not an option

in very large ruminants

A

TRUE

42
Q

What signs indicate a good plane

of anesthesia in ruminants?

A

rolled eyeball; lack of palpebral reflex; lack of swallow

43
Q

Why must bovines be mechanically

ventilated while under GA?

A

Bovines will hypoventilate and will develope V/Q mismatch in relatively short time < 1 h

44
Q

Keep ETCO2 less than ______

A

< 55-60

45
Q

__________ helps to reduce bloat and avoid aspiration of the fluid that could accumulate

A

Rumen tube

46
Q

T/F:

Anticholinergics can be used to decrease

saliva volume during GA

A

FALSE!

only make it more viscous –- do not use unless necessary to treat bradycardia

47
Q

Heart rate- should be ____ bpm in large bovine

A

60-80 bpm

48
Q

Keep mean BP _____ mmHg for

ruminants under GA

A

> 70 mmHg

49
Q

T/F:

Large bovines often will have increasing BP during surgery

A

TRUE

and it is not necessarily due to

inadequate anesthesia

50
Q

T/F:

Unlike horses, cattle recover well and calmly

and do not make premature attempts to stand

A

TRUE

51
Q

What are the toxic signs of lidocaine

(local anesthetic) overdose?

(Goats sensitive!)

A

hypotension, drowsiness/sedation, twitching and clonic spasms, respiratory depression, convulsions

52
Q

T/F:

Neonates (calves) should not be fasted

prior to GA to avoid hypoglycemia

A

TRUE

53
Q

What is the sedation protocol

for sheep, goats, and young calves?

A

Can be sedated with

benzodiazepines (Midazolam) +/- butorphanol

Xylazine usually NOT necessary

54
Q

What is the premed protocol

for sheep, goats, and young calves?

A

Acepromazine + Morphine

55
Q

Why is it important to use EXTREME caution

with Xylazine and other Alpha-2 Agonists

in sheep?

A

Mechanism – thought to be

increased pulmonary

vascular resistance –

results in increased alveolar pressures

and alveolar edema due to

vasoconstriction in pulmonary

vasculature

56
Q

What is the induction protocol for

sheep, goats, and young calves?

A

Ketamine

or

Ketamine + Propofol

57
Q

While intubating a calf, it is important to

remember to keep _______ by the nose

A

O2 (high flow)

58
Q

How do you verify proper tracheal

placement of the ETT?

A

ETCO2 and seeing condensation in tube

59
Q

What is added to fluids for neonates under GA?

A

Dextrose

60
Q

For calves/small ruminants under GA:

heart rate should be _______ bpm

A

80 - 120 bpm

61
Q

For calves/small ruminants under GA:

Systolic should be _______

Diastolic should be _______

Mean should be ________

A

Systolic- 90 - 120

Diastolic- 60 - 80

Mean- 75 - 100

62
Q

Maintain ETCO2 < _____

in calves, sheep, and goats under GA

A

<55 mmHg

63
Q

For calves/small ruminants,

blood pressure is measured using ______

at the ______ artery

A

BP measured using doppler

at the median artery

64
Q

What is a potential complication associated with

ventilating sheep and other ruminants

due to less fibrous lung connective tissue?

A

Pneumothorax

65
Q

For post-op analgesia, which meds are used

in calves and small ruminants?

A

Flunixin

or

Buprenorphine

66
Q

Atipamezole and Tolazoline are the reversal

agents for this medication

A

Xylazine

67
Q

The camelid stomach is divided into ____ compartments

A

3

68
Q

Camelids do not have a ____________

The jugular vein lies

deep to the muscles (cranially)

and

superficlal to the carotid artery

and vagosympathetic trunk

A

jugular groove

69
Q

Use the _______ jugular vein in order to

avoid the esophagus in camelids

A

right

70
Q

For venous access and catheterization in camelids

you should aim high or low on the neck.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

aiming HIGH?

A

Advantage: less likely to hit the carotid artery because

the omohyoideus muscle lies in between the artery and the jugular vein

Disadvantage: skin is much thicker, movement of head

makes catheterization difficult

71
Q

For venous access and catheterization in camelids

you should aim high or low on the neck.

What are the pros and cons of aiming LOW?

A

Advantage – bony landmarks of the 5, 6 verterbral process for location; jugular easier to distend –skin is thinner

Disadvantage- No protection from the carotid artery

72
Q

For llamas and alpacas,

what is the most widely used protocol for

premed/sedation

in field settings?

A

Xylazine / Ketamine / Butorphanol IV

73
Q

What meds are used for induction in camelids?

A

Propofol; or Ketamine with midazolam

74
Q

________ is used to reduce nasal edema

in camelids before recovery due to

being obligate nasal breathers

A

Phenylephrine

Preeti: Anesthesiology (2016) (5 decks)

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