Test 1: Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Dissociative Anesthetics

A

Ketamine

Tiletamine (Telazol)

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2
Q

The minimum acceptable level of oxygen for delivery

of anesthetic gas

A

30 - 35%

(FiO2 = 0.30 - 0.35)

Fraction of inspired oxygen

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3
Q

The metabolic requirement for oxygen

A

5 - 10 mL/kg/min

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4
Q

The pressure in a patient’s lungs

A

<15 psi

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5
Q

The capacity of an E-cylinder

A

660 L

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6
Q

The capacity of an H-cylinder

A

6600 L

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7
Q

Equation for calculating remaining oxygen in an E cylinder

(given psi of E-cylinder)

A

2200 psi/ 660 L = psi left on E tank/ Flow (L/min)

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8
Q

Equation for calculating minutes left of oxygen in E-cylinder

A

X Liters/ Flow (L/min)

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9
Q

The pressure in the flush valve

A

50 psi

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10
Q

Boiling point of Desflurane

A

Room temp! 23.5C

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11
Q

Anesthetic gases used for short induction and recovery

A

Iso, Sevo, Des

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12
Q

Anesthetic gas used for long induction and recovery

A

Halothane

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13
Q

Mild analgesic gas with a low blood-gas PC

A

Nitrous Oxide

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14
Q

Acepromazine and Benzodiazepine are

A

Sedatives

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15
Q

Mu opioid antagonist and kappa opioid agonist

A

Butorphanol

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16
Q

Opioid reversal agent

A

Naloxone

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17
Q

Drugs included in the Triple Drip for sedation

A

Guaifenesin (GG)

Ketamine

Xylazine

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18
Q

Xylazine and Romifidine are the preferred sedatives

used in horses

(because they cause less ataxia than Detomidine)

What is the MOA?

A

Alpha-2 AGONISTS

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19
Q

The mainstay of equine pain relief,

these drugs have a long duration and can be given

per os

A

NSAIDS

Phenylbutazone

and

Flunixin meglumine

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20
Q

Drug used to reduce risk of nasal edema in horses

A

phenylephrine

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21
Q

A TECA patient woke up vocalizing and struggling,

which drugs could you give?

A

Hydromorphone (opioid agonist)

or

Dexmedetomidine (anxiolytic, sedative, analgesic)

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22
Q

IV anesthetic to AVOID in greyhounds

A

Thiobarbiturates

(Thiopental)

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23
Q

The sleep time in greyhounds is longer with this drug

A

Propofol

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24
Q

Drugs to avoid in collies (herding breeds) due to

MDR1 gene, which codes for p-glycoprotein,

a drug transport pump that limits ADME, particularly from

the brain, which results in drug toxicity

A

Ivermectins

Acepromazine

Butorphanol

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25
Q

A sedative/antiemetic drug that should be AVOIDED

in conjunction with cardiac/renal meds

A

Acepromazine

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26
Q

SSRIs and MAOIs have interactions with this drug,

an opioid to treat pain,

which can result in Serotonin Syndrome if given

in conjunction

A

Tramadol

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27
Q

Vomiting is seen commonly after premed

administration of this category of drug

A

Opioids

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28
Q

Routine coadministration of an

A2-Agonist and an Anticholinergic

(Medetomidine; Atropine)

is _____________

A

CONTRAindicated!

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29
Q

The MOA of Atipamezole

A

Alpha-2 ANTAGonist

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30
Q

Cardiovascular effects of this category of drugs include:

Strong Vasoconstriction

(causing increased systemic vascular resistance and high BP)

and then Reflex Bradycardia

(resulting in decreased tissue perfusion)

A

A2 Agonists

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31
Q

This drug may cause uterine contractions and abortion

in cattle

A

Xylazine

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32
Q

Atropine and Glycopyrrolate are

A

Anticholinergics

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33
Q

If you want to increase heart rate and decrease salivation/bronchial secretions,

which drugs should you give?

A

Anticholinergics (Atropine, Glycopyrrolate)

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34
Q

Which anticholinergic is preferred in Rabbits?

A

Glycopyrrolate

(due to increased capacity to breakdown Ach)

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35
Q

Which anticholinergic crosses the BBB and can cause

CNS toxicity?

A

Atropine

36
Q

The strongest available sedatives, except in pigs, are

A

A2 Agonists

37
Q

The strong sedative drugs with the

most important CV side effects

are ___________, causing

strong vasoconstriction –> reflex bradycardia –>

low tissue perfusion

A

A2 Agonists

38
Q

Name the category of drugs the following belong to:

Xylazine

Medetomidine

Dexmedetomidine

Detomidine

Romifidine

A

A2 Agonists

(strong sedation, CV side effects)

39
Q

Name the category of drugs the following belong to:

Atipamezole

Yohimbine

Tolazoline

A

A2- ANTAGonists

40
Q

The A2-Agonist drug dosed based on body surface area in the US

A

Medetomidine

41
Q

The preferred A2-Agonist for sedation in horses

A

Romifidine

(less ataxia than Xylazine)

42
Q

Always use ________ to antagonize

any A2 receptor agonist

A

ATIPAMEZOLE

(reverse xylazine, medetomine, dexmedetomidine, romifidine)

43
Q

A sedative/antiemetic drug that acts

as an antagonist on several receptors

(Dopamine, Serotonin, A1, Histamine)

A

Acepromazine (Phenothiazine)

44
Q

This sedative/antiemetic drug can cause DEATH

in hypovolemic patients

A

Acepromazine

45
Q

T/F:

Acepromazine can be used to treat pain

A

FALSE!

No analgesic effect

46
Q

Why would you not want to use Acepromazine

in a dog with Von Willebrands?

A

It inhibits platelet function

47
Q

Acepromazine can cause this problem in male horses

A

Penile prolapse

48
Q

Boxers are sensitive to the bradycardic effects of

this drug

A

Acepromazine

49
Q

This drug can be used to treat or prevent opioid dysphoria

and also has an antihistamic effect

A

Acepromazine

50
Q

What are the CV effects of Acepromazine?

A

Acts on A1 (as well as other receptors) causing

Vasodilation and hypotension

51
Q

These drugs, similar to Acepromazine, are

more likely to cause behavioral side effects

but are less hypotensive, and stronger anti-emetics than Ace.

A

Butyrphenones

(Droperidol, Azaperone)

52
Q

These drugs are GABA receptor AGONISTS

and are used for

sedation, anticonvulsion, and muscle relaxation

A

Benzodiazepines

(Diazepam, Midazolam)

53
Q

T/F:

Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Midazolam)

are good for decreasing pain

A

FALSE!

No analgesic effect!

54
Q

T/F:

Benzodiazepines, (Diazepam, Midazolam)

have many CV and respiratory effects

and should be used with caution

A

FALSE!

Minimal CV and Resp. effects are produced

by benzos

55
Q

Which benzodiazepine is more potent and shorter acting?

A

Midazolam

56
Q

Which drug antagonizes benzodiazepines

(Diazepam, Midazolam)?

A

Flumazenil (GABA receptor antagonist)

57
Q

Describe the species specific effects of benzodiazepines

(Diazepam, Midazolam)

A

Dogs, Cats, Horses: Disorientation, Excitement

Better sedative effect in: Ruminants and Pigs

58
Q

What would you combine benzodiazepines with

for premedication?

A

Opioids or A2 Agonists

59
Q

What would you combine benzodiazepines with

for induction?

A

Ketamine, barbiturates (phenobarb), or propofol

60
Q

T/F:

Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Midazolam)

can be used to terminated Status Epilepticus

A

TRUE!

61
Q

This class of drugs are the

strongest available systemic analgesics

A

Opioids

62
Q

Which drug category is best for treatment of

acute pain, but not great for chronic pain due to dependence?

A

Opioids

63
Q

Which side effects are more prominent

when using opioids?

CV or respiratory

A

Respiratory! There are minimal CV side effects

64
Q

Name the 3 opioid full mu agonists

(aka most potent)

A

Morphine

Fentanyl

Hydromorphone

65
Q

This opioid is a partial agonist, which acts

as an antagonist on mu receptors, but an agonist on k receptors

A

Butorphanol

66
Q

Which is more likely to cause vomiting and why?

Fentanyl or Morphine

A

Morphine is more likely to cause vomiting;

Water soluble –> enters brain slowly –> vomiting

(Fentanyl is lipid soluble, so it enters fast)

67
Q

This opioid, although a cheap and strong analgesic,

is not the best choice due to its potential to cause

vomiting and histamine release.

It is also converted to an active metabolite in the liver.

A

Morphine

68
Q

This full mu opioid agonist is a better choice than morphine

because it does not promote histamine release

A

Hydromorphone

69
Q

Name the long-acting opioid agonists

A

Morphine

Hydromorphone

Buprenorphine

70
Q

This opioid analgesic is a full mu agonist (strong analgesic)

with fast onset and short duration.

It does not cause histamine release and can

be used CRI!

A

Fentanyl

71
Q

This opioid agonist is the SHORTEST ACTING opioid

making it ideal for CRI because it only lasts 5 minutes

A

Remifentanil

72
Q

This partial opioid agonist is a weak and short-acting

analgesic, and can be used in combo with

Benzos or A2 agonists for premedication

A

Butorphanol

73
Q

This partial MU agonist is a stronger analgesic

than Butorphanol and much longer acting.

It is given to cats because it causes less excitation

than full mu agonists

A

Buprenorphine

74
Q

This weak opioid analgesic is metabolized in the liver

and its metabolite is a mu opioid agonist.

This drug itself inhibits NE and Serotonin reuptake

(another mechanism of analgesia).

A

Tramadol

75
Q

What fast-acting, short duration opioid antagonist

would you want to give to reverse

respiratory depression in small animals?

A

NALOXONE!

76
Q

This drug is an antihistamine (H1 antagonist)

that antagonizes the

cardiovascular effects of histamine in the case

of anaphylaxis

A

Diphenhydramine

77
Q

These drugs are H2 antagonists (antihistamines)

that increase the pH of the stomach for GI protection

and can be given as a premed for mast cell tumor removal

A

Ranitidine

Famotidine

Cimetidine

78
Q

The following drugs can all be used for ________:

Ketamine, Tiletamine

Propofol

Thiopental, Pentobarbital

Etomidate, Metomidate

Alphaxalone

A

INDUCTION of anesthesia!!!

79
Q

This dissociative anesthetic induction agent

causes catecholamine release which increases HR and contractility, but during anesthesia, when catecholamine release is inhibited, will cause (-) inotropy

A

Ketamine

80
Q

This induction agent has weird CV effects,

and increases ICP, but is good for asthmatics due

to minimal respiratory effects

A

KETAMINE

81
Q

This drug is good for a smooth induction and recovery due to having a fast onset and short duration.

It has a mild depressive effect on the CV system

and causes more significant problems with respiration, including decreased RR and potentially apnea.

The best feature is that it decreases ICP! (Unlike ketamine)

A

Propofol

82
Q

Which induction drug is better for a neuro trauma patient?

Ketamine or Propofol

A

Propofol!

It decreases ICP!

83
Q

Which induction agent is better for asthmatic patients?

Ketamine or Propofol?

A

KETAMINE!

Minimal respiratory depression

84
Q

This induction drug is the best choice in

hemodynamically unstable patients

due to having almost NO CV EFFECTS

A

Etomidate!

85
Q

Although great for induction of CV patients,

this drug can cause vomiting when unconscious and sometimes

excitement and muscle twitches

A

Etomidate

86
Q

This new and promising induction drug is a neurosteroid

with minimal CV effects

A

Alfaxalone

87
Q

Which induction drug can cause tachycardia?

A

Ketamine