Test 1: Equine Anesthesia

Question 1

The most dangerous periods in equine anesthesia are

Answer 1

induction and recovery

Question 2

A condition that is heritable in Quarter Horses

and is a concern during anesthesia

Answer 2

HYPP

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

Question 3

(HYPP)

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

is associated with a genetic defect in

muscle _____-channels

resulting in leaky channels and the inability

to regulate blood potassium levels

Answer 3

sodium-channels

Question 4

This condition, inherited in

thoroughbreds, standardbreds, and arabians

is stress induced and due to

abnormal muscle calcium storage and release

Answer 4

Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

Question 5

This drug, given pre-operatively,

can help excretion of K and reduce the risk

associated with HYPP

(Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis)

Answer 5

Acetazolamide

Question 6

What is the biggest concern

associated with anatomy and

injectable anesthesia (field anesthesia)

in horses?

Answer 6

The proximity of the

jugular vein to the carotid artery

in the neck of the horse.

Question 7

What happens if Xylazine is accidentally

injected into the carotid artery

instead of the jugular vein?

Answer 7

Violent reactions, seizures

Question 8

This category of drugs is the most effective

sedative in equines

Answer 8

Alpha-2 Agonists

Question 9

Rank the following equine alpha-2 agonist sedation drugs

in order of duration of action

from longest to shortest:

Xylazine

Detomidine

Romifidine

Answer 9

Detomidine > Romifidine > Xylazine

_{Detomidine = 50m}

_{Romifidine = 20 - 40m}

_{Xylazine = 20m}

Question 10

_____ should NEVER be used alone in equines

and are used for analgesia, but not sedation

as seen in small animals

Answer 10

Opioids

Question 11

What is the preferred drug combination

for induction in equines?

Answer 11

Ketamine + Diazepam

Question 12

Describe the side effects of Ketamine in horses:

_______ CO

_______ BP

________ HR

________ Respiration

________ CO2 and PO2

Answer 12

Maintains CO

Maintains BP

Incre__ases HR

Maintains Respiration

Maintains CO2 and PO2

Question 13

This induction drug, not used in the US,

causes a slight depression of CO and BP while

maintaining HR.

It will cause tissue necrosis if not in vein

Answer 13

Thiopental

Question 14

You want to perform a field castration on a horse

that will result in 10 - 20m of anesthesia.

What drug combo do you choose?

Answer 14

Xylazine + Ketamine

or

Detomidine + Ketamine

Question 15

You want to perform a cast change on a horse

in the field and need anesthesia for about 50 minutes.

What drug combination do you use and what can

you use to prolong anesthesia?

Answer 15

Xylazine + Ketamine

GG Triple Drip to extend anesthesia

Question 16

This drug is a centrally-acting muscle relaxant

that provides almost no sedation or analgesia

and has almost no effects on CV or Respiratory systems.

Unfortunately, it will cause

serious tissue necrosis if not in the vein

Answer 16

Guaifenesin “GG 5%”

Question 17

What 3 drugs are in a “Triple Drip”?

Answer 17

GG + Ketamine + Xylazine

Question 18

What drug should you avoid for sedation of foals

and what should you use instead?

Answer 18

Avoid Xylazine

Use Midazolam + Butorphanol

Question 19

What is the normal

HR range for a foal?

Answer 19

Foal HR: 60 - 90 bpm

Question 20

What is the normal

RR range for a foal?

Answer 20

Foal RR: 10 - 15

Question 21

What is the normal

MAP range for a foal?

Answer 21

Foal: Minimum of 55 - 60 mmHg

Question 22

What eyeball position indicates a good plane of

anesthesia in an equine?

Answer 22

Rotated rostrally

Question 23

T/F:

In equines,

HR is very responsive to stimuli, and if it rises quickly,

anesthesia maybe light

Answer 23

FALSE!

BP is very responsive,

HR barely changes in response to stimuli (unlike small animals)!

Question 24

Which arteries can be used for invasive direct monitoring of

BP in equines?

Answer 24

Transverse Facial Artery

Dorsal Metatarsal Artery

Question 26

What are the expected normal values for

equines during anesthesia?

HR

Answer 26

35 - 45 bpm preferred

(min 25, max 60)

Question 27

What are the expected normal values for

equines during anesthesia?

Tidal Volume

Answer 27

TV = 10 mL/kg (to maintain EtCO2 at 30 - 35 mmHg)

Question 28

What are the expected normal values for

equines during anesthesia?

MAP

Answer 28

Keep MAP at least at 70 mmHg

Question 29

What are the expected normal values for

equines during anesthesia?

SpO2

Answer 29

SpO2 = 97%

Question 30

What is your first choice drug in treating hypotension

during anesthesia in horses?

If MAP falls below 70 mmHg, give _________

Answer 30

Dobutamine!

Question 31

What drug can be used to minimize nasal edema

in horses during anesthesia?

Answer 31

Phenylephrine spray

Question 32

What sign do most horses exhibit when waking?

Answer 32

Brisk nystagmus

Question 33

What is the most important factor contributing to

Rhabdomyolysis in horses during recovery?

Answer 33

Poor perfusion (low BP) to muscles

Question 34

Which NSAIDS can be given to horses

to decrease post-operative pain?

Answer 34

Phenylbutazone

or

Flunixin meglumine

Question 35

T/F:

Mules require a higher sedative dose (Xylazine)

than horses

Answer 35

TRUE!

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