TEST II Flashcards
The mother is group O Rh negative and the baby is group A Rh positive. What are the possible concequesnces of the differences in blood group and Rh status
The difference in blood group and Rh status between an Rh-negative mother (O) and an Rh-positive baby (A) can lead to Rh incompatibility1
. Here are the possible consequences:
Rh Sensitization: During pregnancy, the mother’s immune system may recognize the baby’s Rh-positive red blood cells as foreign and produce antibodies against them1
. This is called Rh sensitization1
.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): In subsequent pregnancies, these antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of an Rh-positive baby, leading to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells)1
. This can cause severe anemia, jaundice, and in extreme cases, hydrops fetalis (severe swelling in the baby
5 bennefits and reasons for blood transfusion
Treatment of Anemia: Blood transfusions can treat severe anemia by restoring red blood cell levels, improving oxygen delivery to tissues, and alleviating symptoms like fatigue and weakness. This is particularly vital for patients with chronic illnesses, those undergoing chemotherapy, or experiencing acute blood loss.
Support During Surgery: Transfusions are crucial during major surgeries to replace lost blood, maintain stable hemoglobin levels, and ensure adequate oxygen supply to tissues. This helps in faster recovery and reduces the risk of complications.
Managing Blood Disorders: For patients with blood disorders like sickle cell disease or thalassemia, regular transfusions help maintain normal hemoglobin levels, reduce the risk of painful crises, and prevent organ damage.
Treating Trauma and Severe Bleeding: In cases of trauma or severe bleeding, such as from accidents or gastrointestinal hemorrhages, transfusions are essential to replace lost blood volume, stabilize the patient, and prevent shock and death.
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants: Patients undergoing bone marrow or stem cell transplants often need transfusions to replenish blood cells destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, supporting their recovery and immune function
what is exchange transfusion
An exchange transfusion is a medical procedure where a patient’s blood is removed and replaced with fresh donor blood or plasma1
. This process is done in cycles, usually with small amounts of blood being withdrawn and replaced at a time
process of exchange transfusion
Purpose: It’s used to treat serious conditions like severe jaundice in newborns, sickle cell disease, and other blood disorders1
.
Procedure: Blood is removed and replaced through catheters placed in a vein2
. Each cycle takes a few minutes, and the process continues until the desired amount of blood is exchanged2
.
Benefits: It helps to remove abnormal blood components, circulating toxins, and excess bilirubin, while maintaining adequate blood volume3
.
Risks: Potential side effects include mild allergic reactions, fever, trouble breathing, and electrolyte imbalances
explain why blood preservatives are a great milestone in transfusion
Extended Shelf Life:
Blood preservatives allow for blood to be stored for extended periods, up to 42 days for red blood cells. This means blood can be collected, stored, and transported over long distances, ensuring a steady supply for emergencies and planned surgeries
explain why cold chain handling are a great milestone in transfusion
Ensures Blood Safety and Viability:
Maintaining a consistent cold chain from donation to transfusion keeps blood and blood products at the optimal temperature, typically between 2-6°C for red blood cells and -18°C or colder for plasma. This prevents bacterial growth and degradation, ensuring that the blood remains safe and effective for transfusion
explain why separation of whole blood into various components are a great milestone in transfusion
Maximizing Donations: A single donation can help multiple patients. Each component can be stored and used as needed, ensuring that every part of the donation is utilized efficiently
explain why discovery of RhIG are a great milestone in transfusion
Prevention of Rh Sensitization.
RhIG is used to prevent Rh sensitization in Rh-negative individuals who are exposed to Rh-positive blood1
. This is particularly important for Rh-negative pregnant women carrying an Rh-positive baby, as it prevents the mother’s immune system from producing antibodies that could harm future pregnancies
