Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blood transfusion science > Blood group systems > Flashcards

Blood group systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define blood group system

A

Blood Group Systems refer to the classification of human blood based on specific antigens present on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mention the 2 most important blood groups

A
  1. ABO blood group system
  2. Rhesus factor (Rh) blood group system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four main blood types in the ABO system?

A

The four main blood types are A, B, AB, and O.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which antigens are present on the surface of type A red blood cells?

A

Type A red blood cells have A antigens (also known as agglutinogens) on their surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If someone has type B blood, which antibodies are naturally present in their plasma

A

anti-A antibodies in their plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can a person with type O blood donate to anyone? Why or why not?

A

Yes, individuals with type O blood are universal donors because their red blood cells lack both A and B antigens. However, they can only receive type O blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens if a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

A

If a person with type A blood receives type B blood, agglutination (clumping) occurs due to the interaction between anti-B antibodies in the recipient’s plasma and B antigens on the transfused red blood cells. This can be dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient? Why?

A

Type AB is the universal recipient because individuals with type AB blood have no naturally occurring antibodies against A or B antigens. They can receive blood from any ABO group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Rh factor, and how does it relate to the ABO system?

A

The Rh factor (Rhesus factor) is another antigen present on red blood cells. It is either positive (Rh+) or negative (Rh-). The ABO system and Rh factor are independent, but they can interact. For example, someone with A+ blood has both A antigens and Rh factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can a person with type O negative (O-) blood donate to anyone?

A

Yes, individuals with O- blood are universal donors for both ABO and Rh compatibility. They lack A, B, and Rh antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Bombay blood group, and why is it rare?

A

The Bombay blood group (hh) is extremely rare. People with this blood type lack both A and B antigens as well as the H antigen (the precursor to A and B antigens). They can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the concept of agglutination in blood typing

A

Agglutination occurs when antibodies in the recipient’s plasma react with antigens on transfused red blood cells, causing them to clump together. This can lead to serious complications in transfusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the term “Rh factor” refer to in blood typing?

A

The Rh factor, also called the Rhesus factor, is an antigen present on the surface of red blood cells. It is either positive (Rh+) or negative (Rh-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for Rh compatibility?

A

Individuals with O- (O negative) blood are universal donors for both ABO and Rh compatibility. They lack A, B, and Rh antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If a person with Rh- blood receives Rh+ blood during a transfusion, what can happen?

A

If an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood, their immune system may produce antibodies against the Rh antigen. This can lead to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in subsequent transfusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the significance of the “D antigen” in the Rh system?

A

The D antigen (Rh factor) is the most important Rh antigen. If a person lacks the D antigen (Rh-), they are considered Rh-negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is Rh incompatibility particularly concerning during pregnancy?

A

Rh incompatibility between a Rh- mother and a Rh+ fetus can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The mother’s antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells, causing anemia and other complications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can an Rh- person receive Rh+ blood in an emergency situation?

A

In emergencies, Rh- individuals can receive Rh+ blood, but steps must be taken to prevent sensitization (formation of antibodies). Rhogam (anti-D immunoglobulin) is administered to prevent antibody production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does Rh incompatibility affect subsequent pregnancies?

A

If an Rh- woman has been sensitized (developed anti-Rh antibodies) during a previous pregnancy, subsequent pregnancies with Rh+ fetuses can result in severe HDN. Close monitoring and Rhogam administration are crucial.

16
Q

What is the prevalence of Rh-negative blood types in the population?

A

Rh-negative blood types are less common. Approximately 15% of the global population is Rh-negative.

17
Q

Can an Rh+ person donate to an Rh- recipient?

A

Yes, Rh+ individuals can donate to Rh- recipients without causing immediate adverse reactions. However, long-term sensitization can occur if repeated transfusions are needed.

18
Q

3 characteristics of antigen A of ABO blood system

A
  1. Found on RBC of individual with A or AB blood type
  2. Composed of N-acetylgalactomine and galactose sugars
  3. B1 subtype is more common than than B12
18
Q

How does Rh typing differ from ABO typing in blood transfusion?

A

ABO typing determines the presence of A, B, AB, or O antigens, while Rh typing specifically identifies the Rh factor (D antigen). Both systems are essential for safe blood transfusions.

19
Q

3 characteristics of antigen B of ABO antibodies

A
  1. found on RBC of individual with B or AB blood type
  2. Composed of galactose and fuctose sugar
  3. B1 subtype is more common than B2
20
Q

3 characteristics of anti-A antibody of ABO blood system

A
  1. found in plasma of individuals with B or O blood group
  2. React with A antigen
  3. IgM and IgG subclasses
21
Q

3 characteristics of anti-B antibody of ABO blood system

A
  1. Found in plasma of indivisuals with A or O blood type
  2. Reacts with B antigen
  3. IgM and IgG subclasses
22
Q

2 characteristics of Rh D antigen of Rh blood system

A
  1. Highly immunogenic
  2. It is present on RBC of RH + individual and absent on Rh - individual
23
Q

Examples of genotypic phenomena expressed as atypical blood groups of ABO

A
  1. A3. Results in a weak A antigen expression due to reduced glycosyltransferase activity
  2. B3. This variant results in a weak B antigen expressed as A3 above. B antigen is present, but its modified and appears like A antigen.
  3. A2. This variant Results into reduced A antigen expression due to glycosyltransferase specificity.
  4. B2. The variant results in reduced B Antigen but expressed as A2
23
Q

3 characteristics of Rh D antibodies of Rh blood system

A
  1. Forms response in Rh- individuals
  2. IgG subclass
  3. cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies
24
Q

Examples of genotypic phenomena expressed as atypical blood groups of Rh

A

RHD: Weak D antigen expression due to reduced protein expression.
RHCE: Weak C/c and E/e Antigen Expression due to reduced protein expression.
RHD-CE-D: Compound heterozygote for RHD and the RHCE variants.
Rh null: Complete absence of Rh antigens due to a genetic deletion

25
Q

How does the genotype of a person with the Bombay blood group differ from the typical ABO genotypes?

A

In the Bombay blood group, the individual has two nonfunctional alleles (h) for the H gene. This prevents the synthesis of the H antigen, leading to the absence of A and B antigens.

26
Q

If a person with the Bombay blood group needs a blood transfusion, what type of blood can they receive

A

Individuals with the Bombay blood group can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group individuals. They cannot receive blood from any of the typical ABO groups.

27
Q

Describe the genotypic basis for the “para-Bombay” phenotype

A

The para-Bombay phenotype results from a genotype where the individual has one functional H allele (H) and one nonfunctional H allele (h). They express very weak H antigen, which leads to discrepancies/inconsistencies in blood typing.

28
Q

What is the genotype of a person with the “Oh” phenotype (weak A or weak B)?

A

The “Oh” phenotype occurs when an individual has a weak expression of either A or B antigens due to mutations in the respective glycosyltransferase genes. Their genotype may be Ax or Bx (where x represents a weak allele).

28
Q

How does the genotype of an individual with the “Oh” phenotype differ from typical ABO genotypes?

A

In the “Oh” phenotype, the individual carries a variant allele (Ax or Bx) that results in reduced enzymatic activity. As a result, their red blood cells exhibit weaker A or B antigen expression.

29
Q

How does the cis-AB genotype affect blood typing results

A

Cis-AB individuals may show mixed reactions in blood typing tests, as their red blood cells can agglutinate with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Specialized serological techniques are needed to accurately determine their blood type.

29
Q

Can an individual with the “Oh” phenotype donate blood to someone with a typical ABO blood group

A

Yes, individuals with the “Oh” phenotype can usually donate blood to recipients with typical ABO blood groups. However, compatibility should be confirmed through crossmatching.

29
Q

Explain the concept of “cis-AB” in the ABO system.

A

Cis-AB refers to a rare genotype where an individual carries both A and B alleles on the same chromosome (cis configuration). Their red blood cells express both A and B antigens simultaneously

30
Q

How does the genotype of an Rh-null person differ from typical Rh-positive individuals?

A

In Rh-null individuals, both alleles for the Rh gene (RHD and RHCE) are nonfunctional or absent. This contrasts with Rh-positive individuals who have functional alleles for Rh antigens.

30
Q

What is the genotype of an individual with the “Rh-null” phenotype?

A

The “Rh-null” phenotype results from a rare genotype where the individual lacks all Rh antigens (including the D antigen). Their red blood cells do not express any Rh antigens. The genotype for Rh-null individuals is typically rr (homozygous recessive).

31
Q

What challenges do Rh-null individuals face in terms of blood transfusions?

A

Rh-null individuals can only receive blood from other Rh-null donors. Finding compatible blood is extremely difficult due to the rarity of this phenotype.

32
Q

Describe the “Rh-mod” phenotype and its genotypic basis.

A

The “Rh-mod” phenotype refers to individuals with weak expression of Rh antigens. Their genotype may involve partial loss-of-function alleles (e.g., weak RHD or RHCE alleles). These individuals may show discrepancies in serological testing.

33
Q

Explain the concept of “Rh antibodies” in pregnancy.

A

During pregnancy, an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus can develop anti-Rh antibodies if fetal blood enters her circulation (e.g., during delivery). These antibodies can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in subsequent pregnancies.

34
Q

What is the genotype of an individual with the “Rh-variant” phenotype?

A

Rh-variant phenotypes result from specific mutations in the Rh genes. For example, someone with the weak D phenotype (Du) may have a genotype involving a weak RHD allele.

35
Q

How does the Rh-variant genotype affect blood typing results?

A

Rh-variant individuals may show weak or variable reactions in serological tests. Molecular genotyping is essential to identify specific mutations.

36
Q

Can an Rh-variant person receive Rh-positive blood?

A

It depends on the specific variant. Some Rh-variants can tolerate Rh-positive blood, while others may react. Compatibility assessment is crucial.

37
Q

Why is understanding Rh genotypic phenomena important in transfusion medicine?

A

Proper identification of atypical Rh phenotypes ensures safe transfusions. Molecular testing helps prevent adverse reactions and guides donor selection.

Blood transfusion science (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions