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BIOLOGY > TEST BWAS > Flashcards

TEST BWAS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In the process of photosynthesis, plants and other photosynthetic producers create glucose, which stores energy in its chemical bonds.
Then, both plants and consumers, such as animals, undergo a series of metabolic pathways—collectively called

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

extracts the energy from the bonds in glucose and converts it into a form that all living things can use.

A

Cellular respiration

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3
Q

Cellular respiration is a process that all living things use to convert

A

glucose into energy

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4
Q

the act or process of breathing : the inhaling of oxygen and the exhaling of carbon dioxide.

A

respiration

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5
Q

the process by which cells use oxygen to break down sugar and obtain energy.

A

respiration

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6
Q

is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be used to power cellular processes.

A

respiration

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7
Q

Cellular respiration happens in the

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

Glycolysis is in the —— of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

while the Krebs Cycle happens in the

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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10
Q

Electron Transport Chain take place in the

A

cristae of mitochondria

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11
Q

This layer can accept ions such as; ATP, ADP and nutrient molecules.

A

Outer membrane

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12
Q

This layer allows the carbon dioxide, oxygen and water to enter. It is also made of complex molecules in the ETC.

A

Inner membrane

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13
Q

Makes space more molecules of mitochondrial DNA.

A

cristae

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14
Q

This space is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Intermembrane space

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15
Q

Responsible for cellular respiration

A

Matrix

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16
Q

Contains genetic information

A

DNA

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17
Q

Produces protein

A

ribosome

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18
Q

Enzyme that produces ATP

A

ATP synthase

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19
Q

Respiration begins with a sugar molecule, called

A

glucose

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20
Q

The first stage, called———, is the only stage which doesn’t require oxygen to proceed.

A

glycolysis

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21
Q

Therefore, it is called ———. It is also the only stage which happens in the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

anaerobic

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22
Q

Glycolysis breaks down a molecule of glucose into two molecules of ———, a 3-carbon molecule.

A

pyruvate

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23
Q

glucose breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. This requires two reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide molecules (NAD+) and two ATP.

A

during glycolysis

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24
Q

The products of glycolysis result in two pyruvate molecules

A

two NADH and four ATP

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25
Q

pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation leading to the net production of 32 ATP molecules.

A

aerobic conditions

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26
Q

pyruvate converts to lactate through anaerobic glycolysis.

A

anaerobic conditions

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27
Q

The second stage of aerobic respiration is the

A

Krebs Cycle

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28
Q

The Krebs cycle is also commonly referred to as the

A

citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle

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29
Q

In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA transfers its acetyl group to a 4C compound (oxaloacetate) to make a

A

6C compound (citrate)

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30
Q

is released and can return to the link reaction to form another molecule of acetyl CoA

A

Coenzyme A

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31
Q

FADH2

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

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32
Q

Two carbon atoms are released via — to form two
molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

decarboxylation

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33
Q

One molecule of ATP is produced directly via

A

substrate level
phosphorylation

34
Q

creates the first compound in the Krebs cycle (Citrate) by enzymatically transforming the very last product formed in Krebs cycle, Oxaloacetate, into Citrate

A

Acetyl CoA

35
Q

This diffusion of protons is called—and is
facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase

A

chemiosmosis

36
Q

acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energized electrons to prevent the chain from becoming blocked

A

Oxygen

37
Q

Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to
form —– removing matrix protons maintains the
hydrogen gradient

A

water

38
Q

organisms that cannot survive without oxygen.

A

Obligate aerobes

39
Q

Certain species of bacteria are
obligate anaerobes, such as—-, which causes tetanus.

A

Clostridium tetani

40
Q

organisms that can live in the presence of oxygen but does not use it to grow.

A

Aerotolerant organisms

41
Q

organisms that can use oxygen to grow but can also perform anaerobic respiration.

A

Facultative aerobes

42
Q

refers to a series of metabolic reactions that occur in the presence oxygen in a cell. It is used to convert chemical
energy into ATPs.

A

Aerobic respiration

43
Q

All plants, animals, birds and humans can experience aerobic
respiration, except for some

A

primitive prokaryotes

44
Q

is a process where oxygen acts as an electron acceptor, which allows for more efficient and faster production of ATPs.

A

Aerobic respiration

45
Q

The two products of aerobic respiration are

A

carbon dioxide gas,
water and ATP.

46
Q

Other energy-rich molecules, such as—, can be converted to ATP through an electron transport chain that
includes oxygen and protons.

A

NADH2 and FADH2

47
Q

ATPs produced in aerobic respiration are mainly formed during

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

48
Q

Ideally,— are made at the end of aerobic
respiration.

A

38 ATPs

49
Q

Some energy is lost through leaking or cost of moving
pyruvate though the cell. This results in only—- being produced.

A

29-30 ATPs

50
Q

Complete oxidation of carbohydrate molecules by aerobic respiration occurs in the–as these enzymes are necessary for this process.

A

mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

51
Q

is the process by
which cells respire in humans.

A

Aerobic respiration

52
Q

yields the energy needed for the body. It starts in the cell’s cytoplasm, and then the products are moved to the mitochondria for further reactions.

A

Complete oxidation

53
Q

absorb the oxygen and store
it in the red blood cell.

A

lungs

54
Q

is then transferred to the
cells that need energy.

A

oxygen

55
Q

refers to cellular respiration in which the high-energy electron acceptor is not oxygen nor pyruvate derivatives.

A

Anaerobic respiration

56
Q

Some archaea are called — and use carbon dioxide to accept electrons. This results in methane being produced as a
byproduct.

A

methanogens

57
Q

Anaerobic respiration can accept a variety molecules, such as— or any other molecule.

A

sulfate and nitrate

58
Q

Another group of purple sulfur bacteria uses the sulfate electron acceptor to produce

A

hydrogen sulfide.

59
Q

which is analogous to aerobic
respiration, involves the entry of molecules into the electron
transport chain in order to pass electrons to the final electron
accepting agent.

A

Anaerobic respiration

60
Q

final electron acceptors have a lower reduction potential than oxygen molecules, which means less
energy production.

A

Anaerobic respiration’s

61
Q

However, anaerobic respiration is crucial for biogeochemical cycles containing

A

carbon, nitrogen and sulfur.

62
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses—as an electron acceptor to produce nitrogen gas. This is the only way for nitrogen fixed to the atmosphere.

A

nitrate

63
Q

Another pathway for anaerobic respiration is—-, in which the only way to extract energy is through glycolysis and the pyruvate cannot be further oxidized by the citric acid cycle.

A

fermentation

64
Q

Anaerobic respiration can be found in many environments,
including

A

freshwater, soil, and deep-sea surface.

65
Q

Both anaerobic respiration (and fermentation) take place
within the

A

cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.

66
Q

During immediate contraction and relaxation, anaerobic
respiration takes place and fermentation occurs in

A

muscle cells.

67
Q

yields a total gain only of two ATPs per glucose molecule.

A

Fermentation

68
Q

This lactic acid fermentation pathway where glucose is first broken down to pyruvate by glycolysis, then the glucose to pyruvate producing 2 ATPs
is called

A

homolactic acid fermentation.

69
Q

This pathway is commonly employed by some

A

Lactobacilli, Pediococcus,
and Streptococcus species.

70
Q

is anaerobic respiration occurring without oxygen that breaks down sugars, producing energy in the form of ATP.

A

Lactic acid fermentation

71
Q

A typical example of lactic acid fermentation is making yogurt by the bacteria

A

Lactobacillus.

72
Q

Anaerobic respiration occurs when—in the muscles.

A

there is not enough oxygen

73
Q

The accumulation of lactic acid in tissues results from the—-. This causes sore muscles.

A

fermentation of lactic acid in muscles.

74
Q

Anaerobic respiration produces —- than aerobic respiration. This causes weakness and shortness in breath.

A

less energy per glucose molecule

75
Q

Pyruvate is first converted to —- , an intermediary
compound, by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase releasing carbon dioxide.

A

acetaldehyde

76
Q

The acetaldehyde is then converted to—-, which along with carbon dioxide, are by-products.

A

ethanol

77
Q

During this step, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, bypassing its electrons to acetaldehyde in the presence of the

A

alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme.

78
Q

Prokaryotes classified as methanogens belong to

A

archaea.

79
Q

oxidizes cellulose to make methanol, which is not
as strong as ethyl alcohol like yeasts.

A

Methanosarcina barkeri

80
Q

Propionic acid fermentation is when bacteria such as

A

Propionibacterium shermanii

81
Q
A

BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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