Test A Flashcards
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Cultural encapsulation
A culturally encapsulated therapist is someone who tends to make inappropriate generalizations about a particular group of clients based on race or culture. More specifically, the therapist makes narrow assumptions about reality, is insensitive to cultural variations among individuals, disregards evidence disconfirming the superiority of the dominant culture, resorts to technique-oriented strategies and short-term solutions, and judges according to self-reference.
Factitious Disorder by Proxy
The deliberate feigning of medical symptoms in a dependent under the care of the individual with the disorder. The goal of the patient is to assume the sick role/have their dependent assume the sick role. In contrast to malingering, a diagnosis of Factitious Disorder can only be made in the absence of secondary gain. Munchausen’s is a variant of Factitious Disorder in which a patient presents with a variety of often life-threatening symptoms, history of multiple hospital visits, and pathological lying.
Criterion Contamination
Occurs when the criterion is subjectively scored, and the rater has knowledge of the employee’s predictor scores. When criterion contamination occurs, scores on the criterion are influenced by one’s knowledge of predictor scores. For examples, employees who do well in an assessment center are given higher quarterly appraisals than those who did poorly. Criterion contamination results in a spuriously high criterion-related validity coefficient.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
cluster of cells that functions as the circadian clock.
Substantia nigra
loss of cells has been implicated in Parkinson’s Disease
Reticular activating system (RAS)
filters incoming sensory information, and can activate a person into a state of alert wakefulness.
K Scale in MMPI-2
Measures guardedness or defensiveness. Also serves as a moderator variable. Used to adjust for defensiveness.
L Scale in MMPI-2
Measures a naïve attempt to present favorably
F Scale in MMPI-2
Measures infrequently endorsed items, and can be used to assess overall distress and pathology, attempts to fake bad, or random responding
VRIN and TRIN
specifically measure response inconsistency or random responding
Semantic Memory
memory that has to do with the meaning of words
Fee Splitting, APA Ethics Code
Not prohibited in all circumstances; allowed when it is based “on services provided” but prohibited base don referrals
Deception in research
The deception must be explained to participants as early as possible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the research
Standard Error Formulae all have what in common?
All the standard error formulas express error in terms of standard deviation units
James-Lange Theory
Emotions result from perceiving bodily reactions or responses
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously. When an event is perceived, messages are sent at the same time to the hypothalamus, which arouses the body, and the limbic system, which causes the subjective experience of anxiety.
Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory
Emotion results from both internal information (hypothalamus and limbic system) and external information (the context). According to this theory you would be experiencing physiological arousal and would then look to the environment to help you label the emotion
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
A model or response to severe stress consisting of 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Thalamus
sensory relay station for all senses except olfaction
James Marcia’s Identity Status Theory
There are 4 possible identity statuses for adolescents: 1) Foreclosure: commits him/herself to a goal without exploring alternatives, thus there is commitment with an absence of crisis; 2) Identity Achievement: the person has struggled and explored several options and developed goals and values. He or she has resolved the crisis, and made a commitment; 3) Moratorium: the person is actively struggling with exploring options and making a decision, but has not yet made a commitment. There is crisis and absence of commitment; 4) Identity Diffusion: The adolescent lacks direction and is not seriously considering options or trying to develop goals, thus, there is an absence of both crisis and commitment
Zeigarnik Effect
the phenomenon that people are more likely to remember uncompleted tasks than completed tasks
Standard error of the estimate
The Standard Error of the Estimate is a statistical figure that tells you how well your measured data relates to a theoretical straight line, the line of regression. With the standard error of estimate, you get a score that describes how good the regression line is. It is affected by 2 variables, the standard deviation of the criterion and criterion-related validity. The standard error of estimate has a direct relationship with the standard deviation, in that the larger the SD, the larger the error, while conversely, the smaller the SD, the smaller the error. When validity is high, there should be little error in prediction, and when validity is low, there should be a lot of error in prediction.
Managing children’s tantrums
Children often continue to tantrum because the attention they garner acts as reinforcement for them. A typical behavioral recommendation therefore is extinction, withholding the attention or other reinforcement. After extinction begins, an extinction burst (or response burst) typically occurs, during which the tantrums first intensify. Over time, however, the behavior decreases.
Hippocampus
The hippocampus, within the temporal lobes, is involved in the consolidation of long-term memory.
Medulla
part of the brainstem, and is involved in basic functions including respiration, cardiovascular activity, sleep, and consciousness.
Hypothalamus
the hypothalamus (along with the pituitary), constitutes the master endocrine gland, involved in temperature regulation, the sleep-wake cycle, general arousal, and movement.
Cerebellum
involved in movement and balance.
The halo effect
the tendency to be influenced by only one attribute when giving an overall rating of an individual. Halo effects can be positive, such as giving a positive overall rating because an individual is attractive, or negative, such as giving a negative overall rating because the individual dresses poorly. The following methods can help control for the halo effect: training the raters, a forced response format in which the rater is forced to choose between two equally desirable or undesirable attributes, and objective rating methods such as BARS, the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale.
Counterconditioning
In counterconditioning, a person learns a new response (e.g., pleasurable feelings) that is incompatible with a problematic response (e.g., performance anxiety). Sensate focus is a classical conditioning intervention that involves counterconditioning.
Gender effects of divorce
The studies on the effects of divorce have shown that women find divorce less emotionally problematic than men. For example, suicide rates are up to six times higher in men who are separated or divorced compared with men who are in a relationship.
Crowding
Men are generally more affected by crowding than women. Crowding tends to heighten overall arousal for both positive and negative emotions. Variables such as noise and temperature do influence the effects of crowding. Cultural variables also significantly influence crowding effects, in that culture helps determine the amount of personal space with which an individual feels comfortable.
ABAB design
An ABAB design is a type of single subject design that offers good control over history and maturation. The person is first measured over time during a baseline phase (A), then treatment is implemented and the person is once again measured repeatedly during the intervention (B). Treatment is then removed, and the person is measured at baseline again (A). Finally, treatment is implemented once again and the person is measured repeatedly (B). Since measurements of treatment effect are obtained at two different times, this design controls for the possibility that some of the treatment effect was confounded by a historical event. A key problem with an ABAB design is the possibility that the outcome measure may fail to return to baseline once the person has been exposed to the first part of treatment.
Wernicke’s Area
Receptive aphasia
Broca’s Area
Expressive aphasia
Kappa coefficient
The Kappa coefficient is a measure of interrater reliability. It is the degree of agreement between two or more raters when performance is subjectively scored. Reliability coefficients range from 0.0 to 1.0.
Construct validity
the degree to which a test is actually measuring the construct or trait it is attempting to measure (e.g., aggression). Both convergent and divergent validity are necessary to establish construct validity.
Protocol Analysis
involves subjects verbalizing their thought process as they perform a task. The goal is to better understand the person’s cognitive process, especially concerning problem-solving, although it is understood that the process of verbalizing may actually alter the cognitive process.
not guilty by reason of insanity
When someone is found not guilty by reason of insanity, the conclusion is that the person is not guilty because he was insane at the time the murder was committed. The inability to defend oneself in court proceedings is referred to as incompetency to stand trial.
treatment failure with addictive behaviors
The high failure rate in treating addictive behaviors stems from the fact that many addictions are very powerfully reinforcing. They are considered to be self-reinforcing in that the person does not depend on any external reinforcement.
Partial complex seizures
The temporal lobes are most commonly the originating site of complex partial seizures. Keep in mind, though, that such seizures can originate in any cortical region. Complex partial seizures are frequently preceded by an aura, and usually include purposeless behavior, lip smacking, unintelligible speech, and impaired consciousness.
Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology
has been widely adapted and used in parenting programs. STEP (Systematic Training in Effective Parenting) helps parents structure family life so that children experience natural and logical consequences of both good behavior and misbehavior. These programs also help parents to identify the goals of their children’s misbehavior (e.g., attention) so that they can help their children reach their goals in healthier, more adaptive ways.
T scores
The mean of T scores is 50, and the standard deviation is 10. A T score of 70 is two standard deviations above the mean, which corresponds to the 98th percentile rank. A z score of +1, which is one SD above the mean, is equivalent to a T score of 60 and a percentile rank of 84.
Preoperational Stage
The preoperational child (ages 2 to 7) is egocentric, relies on intuitive thought rather than logical or deductive reasoning, and increasingly uses symbolic activity. The ability to conserve does not appear until the stage of concrete operations (age 7 to 11).
Behavioral Contrast
The term behavioral contrast applies to the situation in which two behaviors are initially reinforced at equal levels and then one behavior stops being reinforced. What typically occurs is that the behavior that is no longer being reinforced decreases in frequency, while the behavior that continues to be reinforced increases in frequency. This concept is all about reinforcement, and of the theorists listed only Skinner theorizes about reinforcement.
work sample tests
To minimize discrimination, employment testing has moved from standardized tests in the direction of work sample tests. Work sample tests are excellent and fair predictors of work performance.
Sleep Waves
Alpha waves occur during periods of relaxed wakefulness, and are predominant just before falling asleep. Theta waves occur in early stage 1 sleep. Delta waves are slow waves that occur in stages 3 and 4, the deepest, non-dreaming part of sleep. REM sleep is dreaming sleep, during which there is rapid eye movement, increased respiration and heart rate, and relaxed muscle tone.
“Self-in-Relation” theory
According to the “Self-in-Relation” theory, women develop their sense of self through relationships with others. This theory is in opposition to male-oriented theories that emphasize autonomy and separation as pathways of development.
Response Cost
Response cost occurs when someone loses something (e.g. a token, privileges) for misbehavior. Since response cost involves taking something away, it is considered “negative,” and since it is designed to decrease a behavior, it is “punishment.”
Release of test data
According to the 2002 APA Ethics Code, test data should be released to the client, or to anyone designated by the client on an appropriate release. The psychologist may refuse to release the data only if he or she believes that doing so would cause “substantial harm, or the misuse or misinterpretation of test data.”
Caffeine Intoxication
Symptoms include flushed face, rambling speech, tachycardia, restlessness, and diuresis.
