Practice Exam 1 Flashcards
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Objects-relations therapy
Focuses on how introjects, or internalized images of significant others from the past, affect our current relationships and functioning. In addition to helping clients identify introjects, an objects-relations therapist would likely provide support and “re-parenting” to develop new, healthier introjects
Holland
Proposed that all behaviors, including career choice, are a function of personality and the social environment. Distinguished between 6 RIASEC. Highly differentiated = scores high only 1 personality type and best predicts outcome of a personality and occupational match
Self-Verification Theory
People need and seek confirmation of their self-concept, regardless of whether their self-concept is positive or negative. Thus, people prefer to be right rather than happy.
Authoritative parents
Very demanding but also warm and responsive. Children tend to be more mature and resilient to life stressors.
Classic aging pattern
Cognitive abilities relying on crystallized intelligence show the least age-related decline. Vocabulary shows the least age-related decline, even more than similarities and comprehension.
Covert Modeling
involves the learning of new behaviors or the altering of existing ones by imagining scenes of others interacting with the environment.
Covert sensitization
Uses counterconditioning in imagination to reduce or eliminate a target behavior. An individual imagines he or she is engaging in the undesirable behavior and then imagines an aversive consequence for doing so.
CE credits
After the APA approves an organization to sponsor CE programs, the sponsor becomes responsible for each program. The specific program is not endorsed, sanctioned or approved by the APA– only the sponsorship.
Marriage and suicide rates
Marriage, especially when reinforced with children, appears to lessen the risk of suicide. The rate is higher for single, never-married people; even higher for widows; and highest for divorced individuals.
Synchrony Effect
The beneficial effect of matching task demands and preferred time of day. Optimal time of day for young children and older adults is primarily morning. At around age 12 and for young adults it shifts to evening. Synchrony effect is powerful.
Stroop Test
screens for frontal lobe damage and assesses for attention problems
Treatment for chronic pain
Involves relaxation and active coping (staying busy, distraction) skills training. Passive coping (depending on others, social isolation, medication) is most likely to increase a person’s level of chronic pain. Passive pain-coping strategies are those that involve giving responsibility for pain management to an outside source or allowing other areas of life to be adversely affected by pain. They may also serve as psychological enforcers of pain. Examples of passive coping strategies are focusing on where the main is and how much it hurts, restricting or cancelling social activities, or thoughts such as “there’s nothing i can do to lessen this pain” or “i wish my doctor would prescribe me better pain medication.”
Interviews and biodata
When interviewers are given biodata information about an interviewee prior to the interview, interviewers give less credence to interview information when the biodata is not supportive of a decision to hire than when the biodata is very supportive of a decision to hire. Interviewers place less importance on interview information when biodata is not very favorable and more when it is supportive of a hiring decision. A good interview cannot make up for a bad history, but a good history can be supported or canceled out by a bad interview.
Adlerian psychotherapy
Characterized as diplomatic, warm, empathic, and Socratic. 12 stages that reflect progressive strategies for awakening a client’s underdeveloped feeling of community. This is carried out through 6 phases of psychotherapy and within these phases there can be up to 3 stages. These are not rigid, systematized steps as therapy is considered a creative practice and unique for the individual.
Functional nocturnal enuresis
Bed-wetting that is not associated with any particular stage of sleep and is not associated with a physical cause. Most common in younger children but can happen ini older children and adolescents too.
Nicotine replacement therapy
Nicotine replacement therapy is best for short-term abstinence, and adding a behavioral intervention improved long-term abstinence
RE[B]T
Emotional disturbances, behavioral disorders and irrational beliefs stem from both biological predisposition and early life experiences but are MAINTAINED by self-indoctrination. Specifically, during early childhood, children tend to internalize the critical attitude of their parents and then perpetuate that attitude as they grow older.
% of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
33-50% of individuals diagnosed with panic disorder also have agoraphobia
Trainability Test
designed to determine whether or not potential employees are suitable for training. It is not designed to be directly predictive of how well the person will do on the job itself. Instead, it would more directly indicate how well the person would do on a job sample, which is likely to be part of the training sessions. In fact, trainability tests typically include job samples and are described as a type of job sample.
Selective abstraction
Occurs when one focuses on a detail, taken out of context, at the expense of other information.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
There are 2 types of communication: a central route and a peripheral route. A listener is most susceptible to persuasion via the peripheral route when the communicator is appealing (e.g. of high status), the listener is uninvolved with the message or is distracted, and/or the message appeals to fear.
Feature Integration Theory
proposes that focused visual attention is required for perception of an object to occur as an entity rather than a cluster of unrelated features
Higher-order conditoning
A classical conditioning procedure in which 2 stimuli (CS and US) are paired until the conditioned stimulus (CS) produces the conditioned response (CR) and then the CS (which is now referred to as the US) is paired with another CS to elicit the same response
Chaining
Operant procedure that enables complex behaviors to develop through reinforcement of a sequence of simple behaviors. Behavior A is followed by a reinforcer, which serves as a discriminative stimulus for Behavior B, which is followed by a reinforcer, etc.
Shaping
involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
Anne Cleary’s Model of Test Fairness
A test is considered unfair if the slope of the test’s regression line is different for one subgroup than for another. Differences between subgroups on predictor scores are not reflective of differences on the criterion
Guilford’s theory of intelligence
Used 120 elements of factor analysis and proposed that convergent and divergent thinking are dimensions of intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate to branch off from traditional approaches.
Functional Amnesia
A condition, caused by a psychological trauma, in which individuals are unable to remember significant events in their lives, i.e. autobiographical information
Adlerian model of school consultation
When psychologists serve as a consultant in schools, they primarily educate the parents and teachers through an emphasis on preventive interventions
Neuronal threshold
The minimum level of energy required for a neuron to fire. Operates under the all-or-none law, so anything below this level doesn’t fire and anything above does not increase intensity.
Mum effect
There is emotional stress placed on the messenger, predicated on a fear of being infected with the emotional distress of the recipient or of having to assume an emotional state congruent with the bad news, and for this reason there may be a decrease in the transmittance of bad news. Bad news or feedback is basically transmitted less frequently than good news.
Sue and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)
Stages include Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Integrative Awareness. During the Conformity stage, a person depreciates the self (and others of the minority group) but appreciates the dominant majority group. During the Dissonance stage, minority individuals experience conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the majority group. In the Resistance and Immersion stage, the individual appreciates the self and depreciates the majority group. In the Introspection stage, the person again experiences conflict and questions the basis of his or her appreciation and depreciation of self and others. And finally, in the Integrative Awareness stage, the person experiences self-appreciation and selective appreciation of the majority group.
Cluster sampling
Involves randomly selecting a naturally-occurring group of subjects, rather than individual subjects, from a larger target population.
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
3 Levels of Moral Development: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional. At the Preconventional level, morality is based on the consequences of an act. Good behaviors are rewarded and bad behaviors are punished. The next level is Conventional, in which morality is guided by the desire to maintain existing social laws, rules and norms. In the Postconventional level, individuals view morality in terms of self-chosen principles.
Purpose of State Licensing Boards
To protect the public
Clonidine
An alpha-noradrenergic drug used for treating Tourette’s Disorder, often preferable because it is safer for chronic use. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, hypotension, sedation and dizziness.