Practice Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Objects-relations therapy

A

Focuses on how introjects, or internalized images of significant others from the past, affect our current relationships and functioning. In addition to helping clients identify introjects, an objects-relations therapist would likely provide support and “re-parenting” to develop new, healthier introjects

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2
Q

Holland

A

Proposed that all behaviors, including career choice, are a function of personality and the social environment. Distinguished between 6 RIASEC. Highly differentiated = scores high only 1 personality type and best predicts outcome of a personality and occupational match

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3
Q

Self-Verification Theory

A

People need and seek confirmation of their self-concept, regardless of whether their self-concept is positive or negative. Thus, people prefer to be right rather than happy.

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4
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Very demanding but also warm and responsive. Children tend to be more mature and resilient to life stressors.

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5
Q

Classic aging pattern

A

Cognitive abilities relying on crystallized intelligence show the least age-related decline. Vocabulary shows the least age-related decline, even more than similarities and comprehension.

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6
Q

Covert Modeling

A

involves the learning of new behaviors or the altering of existing ones by imagining scenes of others interacting with the environment.

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7
Q

Covert sensitization

A

Uses counterconditioning in imagination to reduce or eliminate a target behavior. An individual imagines he or she is engaging in the undesirable behavior and then imagines an aversive consequence for doing so.

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8
Q

CE credits

A

After the APA approves an organization to sponsor CE programs, the sponsor becomes responsible for each program. The specific program is not endorsed, sanctioned or approved by the APA– only the sponsorship.

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9
Q

Marriage and suicide rates

A

Marriage, especially when reinforced with children, appears to lessen the risk of suicide. The rate is higher for single, never-married people; even higher for widows; and highest for divorced individuals.

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10
Q

Synchrony Effect

A

The beneficial effect of matching task demands and preferred time of day. Optimal time of day for young children and older adults is primarily morning. At around age 12 and for young adults it shifts to evening. Synchrony effect is powerful.

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11
Q

Stroop Test

A

screens for frontal lobe damage and assesses for attention problems

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12
Q

Treatment for chronic pain

A

Involves relaxation and active coping (staying busy, distraction) skills training. Passive coping (depending on others, social isolation, medication) is most likely to increase a person’s level of chronic pain. Passive pain-coping strategies are those that involve giving responsibility for pain management to an outside source or allowing other areas of life to be adversely affected by pain. They may also serve as psychological enforcers of pain. Examples of passive coping strategies are focusing on where the main is and how much it hurts, restricting or cancelling social activities, or thoughts such as “there’s nothing i can do to lessen this pain” or “i wish my doctor would prescribe me better pain medication.”

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13
Q

Interviews and biodata

A

When interviewers are given biodata information about an interviewee prior to the interview, interviewers give less credence to interview information when the biodata is not supportive of a decision to hire than when the biodata is very supportive of a decision to hire. Interviewers place less importance on interview information when biodata is not very favorable and more when it is supportive of a hiring decision. A good interview cannot make up for a bad history, but a good history can be supported or canceled out by a bad interview.

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14
Q

Adlerian psychotherapy

A

Characterized as diplomatic, warm, empathic, and Socratic. 12 stages that reflect progressive strategies for awakening a client’s underdeveloped feeling of community. This is carried out through 6 phases of psychotherapy and within these phases there can be up to 3 stages. These are not rigid, systematized steps as therapy is considered a creative practice and unique for the individual.

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15
Q

Functional nocturnal enuresis

A

Bed-wetting that is not associated with any particular stage of sleep and is not associated with a physical cause. Most common in younger children but can happen ini older children and adolescents too.

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16
Q

Nicotine replacement therapy

A

Nicotine replacement therapy is best for short-term abstinence, and adding a behavioral intervention improved long-term abstinence

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17
Q

RE[B]T

A

Emotional disturbances, behavioral disorders and irrational beliefs stem from both biological predisposition and early life experiences but are MAINTAINED by self-indoctrination. Specifically, during early childhood, children tend to internalize the critical attitude of their parents and then perpetuate that attitude as they grow older.

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18
Q

% of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia

A

33-50% of individuals diagnosed with panic disorder also have agoraphobia

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19
Q

Trainability Test

A

designed to determine whether or not potential employees are suitable for training. It is not designed to be directly predictive of how well the person will do on the job itself. Instead, it would more directly indicate how well the person would do on a job sample, which is likely to be part of the training sessions. In fact, trainability tests typically include job samples and are described as a type of job sample.

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20
Q

Selective abstraction

A

Occurs when one focuses on a detail, taken out of context, at the expense of other information.

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21
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

There are 2 types of communication: a central route and a peripheral route. A listener is most susceptible to persuasion via the peripheral route when the communicator is appealing (e.g. of high status), the listener is uninvolved with the message or is distracted, and/or the message appeals to fear.

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22
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

proposes that focused visual attention is required for perception of an object to occur as an entity rather than a cluster of unrelated features

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23
Q

Higher-order conditoning

A

A classical conditioning procedure in which 2 stimuli (CS and US) are paired until the conditioned stimulus (CS) produces the conditioned response (CR) and then the CS (which is now referred to as the US) is paired with another CS to elicit the same response

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24
Q

Chaining

A

Operant procedure that enables complex behaviors to develop through reinforcement of a sequence of simple behaviors. Behavior A is followed by a reinforcer, which serves as a discriminative stimulus for Behavior B, which is followed by a reinforcer, etc.

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25
Q

Shaping

A

involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

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26
Q

Anne Cleary’s Model of Test Fairness

A

A test is considered unfair if the slope of the test’s regression line is different for one subgroup than for another. Differences between subgroups on predictor scores are not reflective of differences on the criterion

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27
Q

Guilford’s theory of intelligence

A

Used 120 elements of factor analysis and proposed that convergent and divergent thinking are dimensions of intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate to branch off from traditional approaches.

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28
Q

Functional Amnesia

A

A condition, caused by a psychological trauma, in which individuals are unable to remember significant events in their lives, i.e. autobiographical information

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29
Q

Adlerian model of school consultation

A

When psychologists serve as a consultant in schools, they primarily educate the parents and teachers through an emphasis on preventive interventions

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30
Q

Neuronal threshold

A

The minimum level of energy required for a neuron to fire. Operates under the all-or-none law, so anything below this level doesn’t fire and anything above does not increase intensity.

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31
Q

Mum effect

A

There is emotional stress placed on the messenger, predicated on a fear of being infected with the emotional distress of the recipient or of having to assume an emotional state congruent with the bad news, and for this reason there may be a decrease in the transmittance of bad news. Bad news or feedback is basically transmitted less frequently than good news.

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32
Q

Sue and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)

A

Stages include Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Integrative Awareness. During the Conformity stage, a person depreciates the self (and others of the minority group) but appreciates the dominant majority group. During the Dissonance stage, minority individuals experience conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the majority group. In the Resistance and Immersion stage, the individual appreciates the self and depreciates the majority group. In the Introspection stage, the person again experiences conflict and questions the basis of his or her appreciation and depreciation of self and others. And finally, in the Integrative Awareness stage, the person experiences self-appreciation and selective appreciation of the majority group.

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33
Q

Cluster sampling

A

Involves randomly selecting a naturally-occurring group of subjects, rather than individual subjects, from a larger target population.

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34
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

A

3 Levels of Moral Development: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional. At the Preconventional level, morality is based on the consequences of an act. Good behaviors are rewarded and bad behaviors are punished. The next level is Conventional, in which morality is guided by the desire to maintain existing social laws, rules and norms. In the Postconventional level, individuals view morality in terms of self-chosen principles.

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35
Q

Purpose of State Licensing Boards

A

To protect the public

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36
Q

Clonidine

A

An alpha-noradrenergic drug used for treating Tourette’s Disorder, often preferable because it is safer for chronic use. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, hypotension, sedation and dizziness.

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37
Q

Catecholamine Hypothesis

A

States that depression is due to a deficiency of norepinephrine

38
Q

Quality-oriented culture (I/O)

A

In organizations that focus on quality, the policy is to emphasize rewarding group performance and organization-level achievement rather than individual achievement. Newer “total quality” organizations emphasize cross-training, continuous learning and development, and basing rewards on long-term vs. short-term achievement

39
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Due to degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, first apparent in the caudate nucleus

40
Q

Groupthink

A

An impulsive group decision that reflects an incomplete consideration of alternatives and consequences, is the result of high stress, high group cohesiveness, and a directive leader

41
Q

Kappa coefficient

A

determine two raters’ levels of agreement on a test, or interrater/interscorer reliability

42
Q

Heterogeneity of group members

A

Positively correlated with creativity AND decision-making effectiveness, problem solving, etc.

43
Q

Leading cause of infant mortality

A

Congenital malformations/deformities

44
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Amnesia due to heavy, long-term alcohol consumption. Usually involves severe anterograde amnesia along with retrograde amnesia for events that occurred in the relatively recent past.

45
Q

Hersey and Blanchard’s Leadership Styles

A

Telling: most effective when an employee’s willingness and ability are both low, with high task orientation and low relationship orientation; Selling: low ability but high willingness to accept responsibility, with high task orientation and high relationship oriented; Participatory: high ability but low willingness, low task orientation and high relationship orientation; Delegating: ability and willingness are both low, low task and low relationship orientation

46
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Refers to interpretations of others’ behaviors. It occurs when we underestimate situational factors and overestimate dispositional factors in understanding the behavior of others.

47
Q

Apraxia

A

The inability to perform complex, purposeful movements

48
Q

Utilization Review

A

Refers to the idea that it is useful to review benefits to eliminate or reduce unnecessary health care resources (monies)

49
Q

Idiosyncrasy credits

A

According to Hollander (1985), in order to successfully challenge the majority opinions of a group, a person must first conform to the group in order to establish credibility as a competent insider. By becoming accepted members of the group, we accumulate idiosyncracy credits which are like brownie points.

50
Q

Who does HIPAA apply to?

A

HIPAA applies to healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses if those organizations transmit health data electronically in connection with transactions for which the Department of Health and Human Services has adopted standards.

51
Q

Which memory functions are most likely to be affected, in general?

A

Memory for newly learned information. Impairment in other types of memory (e.g. long-term episodic or semantic memory) usually indicates more severe damage and impairment in learning new information is also likely to be present.

52
Q

Ohio State University Leadership Studies

A

Identified 2 behavioral dimensions of leaders: initiating structure and consideration. These dimensions were treated as independent of each other. In different models of leadership, the dimension of initiating structure is sometimes referred to as task-orientation and concern for production. The dimension of consideration has also been labeled employee orientation, relations-oriented and concern for people.

53
Q

Visual “not knowing”

A

When a person with visual agnosia is unable to identify a familiar object by sight but does identify it when it is placed in her hand. This is referred to as apperceptive agnosia and involved an inability to recognize familiar objects, especially in low-light conditions, when there are many shadows, etc.

54
Q

Thinning

A

The process of switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule. Used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established.

55
Q

Bandura’s research on observational learning

A

Bandura’s research looking at the impact of punishing a model for acting aggressively on male and female observers showed that when the model is punished, performance (but not learning) of aggressive behaviors is reduced. Bandura found evidence that learning and performance are separate phenomena and that learning can occur without reinforcement. Children learned aggressive responses by watching and consequently were able to imitate the behavior when told they would be rewarded for doing so.

56
Q

Specific Phobia treatment

A

For some specific phobias (e.g. dental and animal phobias,), 2-4 sessions are often useful for significantly reducing phobic reactions in many people. Brief in vivo exposure if often effective for many clients, and adding a cognitive component usually does not improve effectiveness substantially.

57
Q

Tiedeman and O’Hara

A

Based their career development model on Erikson’s psychosocial theory of ego identity development, They proposed that a person develops a vocational identity through a process of many differentiations and reintegrations throughout one’s lifespan. Differentiation comes from the realization that a particular career does not “fit” with one’s personality. Integration involves identification with a career.

58
Q

Schizophrenia twin risk

A

Monozygotic (identical) twins- 46%; fraternal (dizygotic) twins- 17%. For identical twins, the risk 2.5x higher than fraternal.

59
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder Big 5 Traits

A

high on neuroticism, low on agreeableness, low on conscientousness

60
Q

Functional value

A

According to Bandura, a behavior has a functional value when the person anticipates that performing it will result in a desirable consequence. Part of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.

61
Q

Meta-analysis

A

First used by Smith and Glass. The benefit of meta-analysis is that it allows researchers to statistically compare the results of several independent studies to yield a single effect size indicating the magnitude of an independent variable’s effect.

62
Q

Early signs of social inhibition

A

Reliable predictors of social inhibition have been detected in early infancy– as early as the ages of 2-4 months. For instance, infants who display high levels of negative affect and motor activity in response to novel stimuli tend to display social inhibition later in life. These and other findings suggest that inhibition and other personality characteristics related to basic temperament are stable and have a strong genetic basis.

63
Q

Validity vs. reliability

A

A test’s reliability sets an upper limit on its criterion-related validity. Specifically, a test’s validity coefficient can never be higher than the square root of its reliability coefficient. Also, for a test to have high validity, it must be reliable; however for a test to have reliability, it does not necessarily have to be valid.

64
Q

Deviation IQ vs. Ratio IQ

A

The ratio IQ was used when mental tests were first developed. It was a way of determining how the child’s mental age differed from his or her chronological age. A problem with the ratio IQ is that IQ scores are not comparable across age groups. For this reason, the deviation IQ was developed. Here the IQs are related to the average score for each age group and the derived IQ is presented in terms of how far the score deviates from that average. Using the deviation IQ is preferred to using the ratio IQ because the deviation IQ is comparable across all ages because the standard deviations are the same for all ages.

65
Q

Minority Identity Development (MID) Model

A

Developed by Atkinson, Morten & Sue. 5 Stages are Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Synergetic Articulation and Awareness. Individuals in the Conformity stage prefer the dominant culture’s values to those of their own culture. They are likely to have feelings of racial self-hatred, negative beliefs about their own culture, and positive feelings toward the dominant culture.

66
Q

Infant predictors of adult IQ

A

While standard developmental scales don’t predict later IQ score, a baby’s responses to a visual attention/recognition task do. How much time it takes the baby to assimilate a novel stimulus is moderately predictive of later IQ score since, it is hypothesized, the mental functioning involved is similar.

67
Q

Overcorrection

A

Overcorrection is a behavioral technique designed to eliminate undesirable behaviors and promote alternative ones. In overcorrection, the person is required first to correct the consequences of a negative behavior– this is called restitution. In many cases, the person physically guided through the restitution and/or positive practice phases, a.k.a. guided movement. Then, the person must repeatedly practice alternative behaviors– this is referred to as positive practice.

68
Q

Home Advantage

A

Best explained by social support from fans and a supportive home audience.

69
Q

Poor adjustment of children to divorce

A

Exposure to parental conflict, parental continuance of an unhappy marriage, and failure of children to participate in decisions about visitation rights

70
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

The finding that some children (especially girls) who seemed well-adjusted immediately after the divorce of their parents show significant problems in adolescence and early adulthood.

71
Q

Beck and Suicide Risk

A

According to Beck, suicide risk is heightened by a combination of hopelessness and poor problem-solving skills.

72
Q

Elkind’s adolescent egocentrism

A

The imaginary audience is the belief that one is always “on stage,” the personal fable is the belief that one is unique and invulnerable, not subject to the natural laws that govern others (such as the concept of mortality)

73
Q

Differential Prediction

A

One of the causes of test unfairness. Differential prediction occurs when the use of scores on a selection test systematically over- or under- predicts the job performance of members of one group as compared to members of another group.

74
Q

Criterion contamination

A

Occurs when a rater’s knowledge of a ratee’s performance on the predictor biases his/her ratings of ratees’ performance on the criterion.

75
Q

Rutter’s (1985) Risk Factors for Child Psychopathology

A

Low SES, maternal psychopathology, severe martial discord, large family size, parental criminality, and placement of children outside the home

76
Q

Nancy Chodorow (1978)

A

Chodorow uses the principles of object relations theory to show that girls are taught to stay attached to their same sex mother while boys are taught to differentiate from their mothers. Chodorow argues that the present system represents a gendered division of labor and that changes in gender relations will only occur when men and women are equally responsible for child rearing.

77
Q

Which neurotransmitter is decreased in Huntington’s Disease?

A

Huntington’s Disease is believed to begin when cells in the striatum (caudate and putamen) of the basal ganglia begin to be destroyed. The striatum is responsible for producing GABA, which regulates the levels of dopamine in the brain through an inhibitory process. The death of the striatum cells causes decreased amounts of GABA, which leads to an overproduction of dopamine and results in chorea (uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements, especially of the arms, legs and face).

78
Q

Absence/Petit Mal Seizures

A

Very brief (30 seconds or less) and are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. Absence seizures usually begin in childhood and most outgrow the condition by adulthood. Researchers believe that absence seizures originate in the thalamus.

79
Q

Left side brain damage

A

Can cause Wernicke’s aphasia, left-right disorientation, and finger agnosia

80
Q

Triangulation

A

Bowen described triangles as a means of reducing tension and conflict between two family members who refocus their attention on the triangulated member.

81
Q

Goal-setting theory

A

Predicts that specific and challenging goals result in the greatest effort and performance.

82
Q

Work samples

A

Provide standardized, job-like conditions to measure work behavior. They are used as a selection technique, as an indicator of individuals likely to benefit from training, and as a means of reducing turnover through a job preview. Research indicates that work samples are generally good predictors of job performance; however, work samples of motor skills have more validity than work samples of verbal skills. Additionally, work samples are less likely to discriminate against individuals from different groups and are acceptable to applicants.

83
Q

Mean square within (MSW)

A

A measure of within-group variance== the degree to which subjects within the same experimental group differ from each other. MSW is the denominator of the F ratio, and is referred to as the error term. The larger the magnitude of MSW, the less likely the F ratio will be significant.

84
Q

Psychodrama

A

Employs experiential methods, role theory, sociometry and group dynamics to facilitate insight, personal growth, and integration on cognitive, behavioral and affective levels. Psychodrama provides participants a safe, supportive environment in which to practice new and more effective roles and behaviors. These are 3 distinct components of group interaction in classical structured psychodrama sessions: the warm-up, the action, and the sharing phases. In the warm-up phase, the group theme is identified and a protagonist, the individual(s) who represent the theme in the drama, is selected. In the action phase the problem is dramatized and the protagonist explores new methods of resolving it. Then in the sharing phase, group members may express or share their associations, experience of connection with the protagonist’s work. The other components include auxiliary egos, or group members who assume the roles of significant others in the drama; the director, and the stage.

85
Q

4 stages of neural development

A

Neural development involves the stages of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination. The proliferation stage includes the production of cells. Migration is the second stage of development during which the cells move or migrate to its ultimate destination in the nervous system. Following migration is differentiation, in which cells develop the unique characteristics of nerve cells. During the fourth stage, myelination, the axons of some cells become insulated by glial cells.

86
Q

Automatic thoughts

A

Automatic thoughts are interpretations of a situation that determine one’s behavioral and emotional responses. Everyone has automatic thoughts– they’re not necessarily associated with cognitive distortions or psychological distress. However, when automatic thoughts provide an unrealistic interpretation of the situation, they may lead to maladaptive behavioral or emotional responses.

87
Q

ADHD and the brain

A

The size of the caudate nucleus (especially in the right hemisphere) has been linked to impulsivity in children with ADHD– the smaller the caudate, the greater the impulsivity.

88
Q

Kuder-Richardson Reliability

A

The Kuder-Richardson formula is one of several statistical indices of a test’s internal consistency reliability. It is used to assess the inter-item consistency of tests that are dichotomously scored.

89
Q

Organic Amnesia

A

Neurological disorders that damage the medial temporal region (tumors, head injuries, viral infection, vascular or other neurological disorders) can cause organic amnesia. In organic amnesia, anterograde amnesia (an impaired ability to form new permanent memories) is often the outstanding cognitive impairment, though retrograde amnesia (impairment of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia) can also occur. Despite the severe impairment in new learning ability, general intellectual or language abilities and short-term memory are generally intact.

90
Q

Bandura’s Study on Aggression

A

Bandura (1963) showed the effect on children of witnessing either live or filmed models. He showed that not only do children imitate the aggressive behaviors of adults, that the the more important, liked, and familiar the adults are, the more the children will imitate them.