Practice Exam 1

Question 1

Objects-relations therapy

Answer 1

Focuses on how introjects, or internalized images of significant others from the past, affect our current relationships and functioning. In addition to helping clients identify introjects, an objects-relations therapist would likely provide support and “re-parenting” to develop new, healthier introjects

Question 2

Holland

Answer 2

Proposed that all behaviors, including career choice, are a function of personality and the social environment. Distinguished between 6 RIASEC. Highly differentiated = scores high only 1 personality type and best predicts outcome of a personality and occupational match

Question 3

Self-Verification Theory

Answer 3

People need and seek confirmation of their self-concept, regardless of whether their self-concept is positive or negative. Thus, people prefer to be right rather than happy.

Question 4

Authoritative parents

Answer 4

Very demanding but also warm and responsive. Children tend to be more mature and resilient to life stressors.

Question 5

Classic aging pattern

Answer 5

Cognitive abilities relying on crystallized intelligence show the least age-related decline. Vocabulary shows the least age-related decline, even more than similarities and comprehension.

Question 6

Covert Modeling

Answer 6

involves the learning of new behaviors or the altering of existing ones by imagining scenes of others interacting with the environment.

Question 7

Covert sensitization

Answer 7

Uses counterconditioning in imagination to reduce or eliminate a target behavior. An individual imagines he or she is engaging in the undesirable behavior and then imagines an aversive consequence for doing so.

Question 8

CE credits

Answer 8

After the APA approves an organization to sponsor CE programs, the sponsor becomes responsible for each program. The specific program is not endorsed, sanctioned or approved by the APA– only the sponsorship.

Question 9

Marriage and suicide rates

Answer 9

Marriage, especially when reinforced with children, appears to lessen the risk of suicide. The rate is higher for single, never-married people; even higher for widows; and highest for divorced individuals.

Question 10

Synchrony Effect

Answer 10

The beneficial effect of matching task demands and preferred time of day. Optimal time of day for young children and older adults is primarily morning. At around age 12 and for young adults it shifts to evening. Synchrony effect is powerful.

Question 11

Stroop Test

Answer 11

screens for frontal lobe damage and assesses for attention problems

Question 12

Treatment for chronic pain

Answer 12

Involves relaxation and active coping (staying busy, distraction) skills training. Passive coping (depending on others, social isolation, medication) is most likely to increase a person’s level of chronic pain. Passive pain-coping strategies are those that involve giving responsibility for pain management to an outside source or allowing other areas of life to be adversely affected by pain. They may also serve as psychological enforcers of pain. Examples of passive coping strategies are focusing on where the main is and how much it hurts, restricting or cancelling social activities, or thoughts such as “there’s nothing i can do to lessen this pain” or “i wish my doctor would prescribe me better pain medication.”

Question 13

Interviews and biodata

Answer 13

When interviewers are given biodata information about an interviewee prior to the interview, interviewers give less credence to interview information when the biodata is not supportive of a decision to hire than when the biodata is very supportive of a decision to hire. Interviewers place less importance on interview information when biodata is not very favorable and more when it is supportive of a hiring decision. A good interview cannot make up for a bad history, but a good history can be supported or canceled out by a bad interview.

Question 14

Adlerian psychotherapy

Answer 14

Characterized as diplomatic, warm, empathic, and Socratic. 12 stages that reflect progressive strategies for awakening a client’s underdeveloped feeling of community. This is carried out through 6 phases of psychotherapy and within these phases there can be up to 3 stages. These are not rigid, systematized steps as therapy is considered a creative practice and unique for the individual.

Question 15

Functional nocturnal enuresis

Answer 15

Bed-wetting that is not associated with any particular stage of sleep and is not associated with a physical cause. Most common in younger children but can happen ini older children and adolescents too.

Question 16

Nicotine replacement therapy

Answer 16

Nicotine replacement therapy is best for short-term abstinence, and adding a behavioral intervention improved long-term abstinence

Question 17

RE[B]T

Answer 17

Emotional disturbances, behavioral disorders and irrational beliefs stem from both biological predisposition and early life experiences but are MAINTAINED by self-indoctrination. Specifically, during early childhood, children tend to internalize the critical attitude of their parents and then perpetuate that attitude as they grow older.

Question 18

% of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia

Answer 18

33-50% of individuals diagnosed with panic disorder also have agoraphobia

Question 19

Trainability Test

Answer 19

designed to determine whether or not potential employees are suitable for training. It is not designed to be directly predictive of how well the person will do on the job itself. Instead, it would more directly indicate how well the person would do on a job sample, which is likely to be part of the training sessions. In fact, trainability tests typically include job samples and are described as a type of job sample.

Question 20

Selective abstraction

Answer 20

Occurs when one focuses on a detail, taken out of context, at the expense of other information.

Question 21

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 21

There are 2 types of communication: a central route and a peripheral route. A listener is most susceptible to persuasion via the peripheral route when the communicator is appealing (e.g. of high status), the listener is uninvolved with the message or is distracted, and/or the message appeals to fear.

Question 22

Feature Integration Theory

Answer 22

proposes that focused visual attention is required for perception of an object to occur as an entity rather than a cluster of unrelated features

Question 23

Higher-order conditoning

Answer 23

A classical conditioning procedure in which 2 stimuli (CS and US) are paired until the conditioned stimulus (CS) produces the conditioned response (CR) and then the CS (which is now referred to as the US) is paired with another CS to elicit the same response

Question 24

Chaining

Answer 24

Operant procedure that enables complex behaviors to develop through reinforcement of a sequence of simple behaviors. Behavior A is followed by a reinforcer, which serves as a discriminative stimulus for Behavior B, which is followed by a reinforcer, etc.

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 26

Anne Cleary's Model of Test Fairness

Answer 26

A test is considered unfair if the slope of the test's regression line is different for one subgroup than for another. Differences between subgroups on predictor scores are not reflective of differences on the criterion

Question 27

Guilford's theory of intelligence

Answer 27

Used 120 elements of factor analysis and proposed that convergent and divergent thinking are dimensions of intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate to branch off from traditional approaches.

Question 28

Functional Amnesia

Answer 28

A condition, caused by a psychological trauma, in which individuals are unable to remember significant events in their lives, i.e. autobiographical information

Question 29

Adlerian model of school consultation

Answer 29

When psychologists serve as a consultant in schools, they primarily educate the parents and teachers through an emphasis on preventive interventions

Question 30

Neuronal threshold

Answer 30

The minimum level of energy required for a neuron to fire. Operates under the all-or-none law, so anything below this level doesn't fire and anything above does not increase intensity.

Question 31

Mum effect

Answer 31

There is emotional stress placed on the messenger, predicated on a fear of being infected with the emotional distress of the recipient or of having to assume an emotional state congruent with the bad news, and for this reason there may be a decrease in the transmittance of bad news. Bad news or feedback is basically transmitted less frequently than good news.

Question 32

Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)

Answer 32

Stages include Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Integrative Awareness. During the Conformity stage, a person depreciates the self (and others of the minority group) but appreciates the dominant majority group. During the Dissonance stage, minority individuals experience conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the majority group. In the Resistance and Immersion stage, the individual appreciates the self and depreciates the majority group. In the Introspection stage, the person again experiences conflict and questions the basis of his or her appreciation and depreciation of self and others. And finally, in the Integrative Awareness stage, the person experiences self-appreciation and selective appreciation of the majority group.

Question 33

Cluster sampling

Answer 33

Involves randomly selecting a naturally-occurring group of subjects, rather than individual subjects, from a larger target population.

Question 34

Kohlberg's Moral Development

Answer 34

3 Levels of Moral Development: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional. At the Preconventional level, morality is based on the consequences of an act. Good behaviors are rewarded and bad behaviors are punished. The next level is Conventional, in which morality is guided by the desire to maintain existing social laws, rules and norms. In the Postconventional level, individuals view morality in terms of self-chosen principles.

Question 35

Purpose of State Licensing Boards

Answer 35

To protect the public

Question 36

Clonidine

Answer 36

An alpha-noradrenergic drug used for treating Tourette's Disorder, often preferable because it is safer for chronic use. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, hypotension, sedation and dizziness.

Question 37

Catecholamine Hypothesis

Answer 37

States that depression is due to a deficiency of norepinephrine

Question 38

Quality-oriented culture (I/O)

Answer 38

In organizations that focus on quality, the policy is to emphasize rewarding group performance and organization-level achievement rather than individual achievement. Newer "total quality" organizations emphasize cross-training, continuous learning and development, and basing rewards on long-term vs. short-term achievement

Question 39

Huntington's Disease

Answer 39

Due to degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, first apparent in the caudate nucleus

Question 40

Groupthink

Answer 40

An impulsive group decision that reflects an incomplete consideration of alternatives and consequences, is the result of high stress, high group cohesiveness, and a directive leader

Question 41

Kappa coefficient

Answer 41

determine two raters' levels of agreement on a test, or interrater/interscorer reliability

Question 42

Heterogeneity of group members

Answer 42

Positively correlated with creativity AND decision-making effectiveness, problem solving, etc.

Question 43

Leading cause of infant mortality

Answer 43

Congenital malformations/deformities

Question 44

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Answer 44

Amnesia due to heavy, long-term alcohol consumption. Usually involves severe anterograde amnesia along with retrograde amnesia for events that occurred in the relatively recent past.

Question 45

Hersey and Blanchard's Leadership Styles

Answer 45

Telling: most effective when an employee's willingness and ability are both low, with high task orientation and low relationship orientation; Selling: low ability but high willingness to accept responsibility, with high task orientation and high relationship oriented; Participatory: high ability but low willingness, low task orientation and high relationship orientation; Delegating: ability and willingness are both low, low task and low relationship orientation

Question 46

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 46

Refers to interpretations of others' behaviors. It occurs when we underestimate situational factors and overestimate dispositional factors in understanding the behavior of others.

Question 47

Apraxia

Answer 47

The inability to perform complex, purposeful movements

Question 48

Utilization Review

Answer 48

Refers to the idea that it is useful to review benefits to eliminate or reduce unnecessary health care resources (monies)

Question 49

Idiosyncrasy credits

Answer 49

According to Hollander (1985), in order to successfully challenge the majority opinions of a group, a person must first conform to the group in order to establish credibility as a competent insider. By becoming accepted members of the group, we accumulate idiosyncracy credits which are like brownie points.

Question 50

Who does HIPAA apply to?

Answer 50

HIPAA applies to healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses if those organizations transmit health data electronically in connection with transactions for which the Department of Health and Human Services has adopted standards.

Question 51

Which memory functions are most likely to be affected, in general?

Answer 51

Memory for newly learned information. Impairment in other types of memory (e.g. long-term episodic or semantic memory) usually indicates more severe damage and impairment in learning new information is also likely to be present.

Question 52

Ohio State University Leadership Studies

Answer 52

Identified 2 behavioral dimensions of leaders: initiating structure and consideration. These dimensions were treated as independent of each other. In different models of leadership, the dimension of initiating structure is sometimes referred to as task-orientation and concern for production. The dimension of consideration has also been labeled employee orientation, relations-oriented and concern for people.

Question 53

Visual "not knowing"

Answer 53

When a person with visual agnosia is unable to identify a familiar object by sight but does identify it when it is placed in her hand. This is referred to as apperceptive agnosia and involved an inability to recognize familiar objects, especially in low-light conditions, when there are many shadows, etc.

Question 54

Thinning

Answer 54

The process of switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule. Used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established.

Question 55

Bandura's research on observational learning

Answer 55

Bandura's research looking at the impact of punishing a model for acting aggressively on male and female observers showed that when the model is punished, performance (but not learning) of aggressive behaviors is reduced. Bandura found evidence that learning and performance are separate phenomena and that learning can occur without reinforcement. Children learned aggressive responses by watching and consequently were able to imitate the behavior when told they would be rewarded for doing so.

Question 56

Specific Phobia treatment

Answer 56

For some specific phobias (e.g. dental and animal phobias,), 2-4 sessions are often useful for significantly reducing phobic reactions in many people. Brief in vivo exposure if often effective for many clients, and adding a cognitive component usually does not improve effectiveness substantially.

Question 57

Tiedeman and O'Hara

Answer 57

Based their career development model on Erikson's psychosocial theory of ego identity development, They proposed that a person develops a vocational identity through a process of many differentiations and reintegrations throughout one's lifespan. Differentiation comes from the realization that a particular career does not "fit" with one's personality. Integration involves identification with a career.

Question 58

Schizophrenia twin risk

Answer 58

Monozygotic (identical) twins- 46%; fraternal (dizygotic) twins- 17%. For identical twins, the risk 2.5x higher than fraternal.

Question 59

Antisocial Personality Disorder Big 5 Traits

Answer 59

high on neuroticism, low on agreeableness, low on conscientousness

Question 60

Functional value

Answer 60

According to Bandura, a behavior has a functional value when the person anticipates that performing it will result in a desirable consequence. Part of Bandura's Social Learning Theory.

Question 61

Meta-analysis

Answer 61

First used by Smith and Glass. The benefit of meta-analysis is that it allows researchers to statistically compare the results of several independent studies to yield a single effect size indicating the magnitude of an independent variable's effect.

Question 62

Early signs of social inhibition

Answer 62

Reliable predictors of social inhibition have been detected in early infancy-- as early as the ages of 2-4 months. For instance, infants who display high levels of negative affect and motor activity in response to novel stimuli tend to display social inhibition later in life. These and other findings suggest that inhibition and other personality characteristics related to basic temperament are stable and have a strong genetic basis.

Question 63

Validity vs. reliability

Answer 63

A test's reliability sets an upper limit on its criterion-related validity. Specifically, a test's validity coefficient can never be higher than the square root of its reliability coefficient. Also, for a test to have high validity, it must be reliable; however for a test to have reliability, it does not necessarily have to be valid.

Question 64

Deviation IQ vs. Ratio IQ

Answer 64

The ratio IQ was used when mental tests were first developed. It was a way of determining how the child's mental age differed from his or her chronological age. A problem with the ratio IQ is that IQ scores are not comparable across age groups. For this reason, the deviation IQ was developed. Here the IQs are related to the average score for each age group and the derived IQ is presented in terms of how far the score deviates from that average. Using the deviation IQ is preferred to using the ratio IQ because the deviation IQ is comparable across all ages because the standard deviations are the same for all ages.

Question 65

Minority Identity Development (MID) Model

Answer 65

Developed by Atkinson, Morten & Sue. 5 Stages are Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Synergetic Articulation and Awareness. Individuals in the Conformity stage prefer the dominant culture's values to those of their own culture. They are likely to have feelings of racial self-hatred, negative beliefs about their own culture, and positive feelings toward the dominant culture.

Question 66

Infant predictors of adult IQ

Answer 66

While standard developmental scales don't predict later IQ score, a baby's responses to a visual attention/recognition task do. How much time it takes the baby to assimilate a novel stimulus is moderately predictive of later IQ score since, it is hypothesized, the mental functioning involved is similar.

Question 67

Overcorrection

Answer 67

Overcorrection is a behavioral technique designed to eliminate undesirable behaviors and promote alternative ones. In overcorrection, the person is required first to correct the consequences of a negative behavior-- this is called restitution. In many cases, the person physically guided through the restitution and/or positive practice phases, a.k.a. guided movement. Then, the person must repeatedly practice alternative behaviors-- this is referred to as positive practice.

Question 68

Home Advantage

Answer 68

Best explained by social support from fans and a supportive home audience.

Question 69

Poor adjustment of children to divorce

Answer 69

Exposure to parental conflict, parental continuance of an unhappy marriage, and failure of children to participate in decisions about visitation rights

Question 70

Sleeper Effect

Answer 70

The finding that some children (especially girls) who seemed well-adjusted immediately after the divorce of their parents show significant problems in adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 71

Beck and Suicide Risk

Answer 71

According to Beck, suicide risk is heightened by a combination of hopelessness and poor problem-solving skills.

Question 72

Elkind's adolescent egocentrism

Answer 72

The imaginary audience is the belief that one is always "on stage," the personal fable is the belief that one is unique and invulnerable, not subject to the natural laws that govern others (such as the concept of mortality)

Question 73

Differential Prediction

Answer 73

One of the causes of test unfairness. Differential prediction occurs when the use of scores on a selection test systematically over- or under- predicts the job performance of members of one group as compared to members of another group.

Question 74

Criterion contamination

Answer 74

Occurs when a rater's knowledge of a ratee's performance on the predictor biases his/her ratings of ratees' performance on the criterion.

Question 75

Rutter's (1985) Risk Factors for Child Psychopathology

Answer 75

Low SES, maternal psychopathology, severe martial discord, large family size, parental criminality, and placement of children outside the home

Question 76

Nancy Chodorow (1978)

Answer 76

Chodorow uses the principles of object relations theory to show that girls are taught to stay attached to their same sex mother while boys are taught to differentiate from their mothers. Chodorow argues that the present system represents a gendered division of labor and that changes in gender relations will only occur when men and women are equally responsible for child rearing.

Question 77

Which neurotransmitter is decreased in Huntington's Disease?

Answer 77

Huntington's Disease is believed to begin when cells in the striatum (caudate and putamen) of the basal ganglia begin to be destroyed. The striatum is responsible for producing GABA, which regulates the levels of dopamine in the brain through an inhibitory process. The death of the striatum cells causes decreased amounts of GABA, which leads to an overproduction of dopamine and results in chorea (uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements, especially of the arms, legs and face).

Question 78

Absence/Petit Mal Seizures

Answer 78

Very brief (30 seconds or less) and are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. Absence seizures usually begin in childhood and most outgrow the condition by adulthood. Researchers believe that absence seizures originate in the thalamus.

Question 79

Left side brain damage

Answer 79

Can cause Wernicke's aphasia, left-right disorientation, and finger agnosia

Question 80

Triangulation

Answer 80

Bowen described triangles as a means of reducing tension and conflict between two family members who refocus their attention on the triangulated member.

Question 81

Goal-setting theory

Answer 81

Predicts that specific and challenging goals result in the greatest effort and performance.

Question 82

Work samples

Answer 82

Provide standardized, job-like conditions to measure work behavior. They are used as a selection technique, as an indicator of individuals likely to benefit from training, and as a means of reducing turnover through a job preview. Research indicates that work samples are generally good predictors of job performance; however, work samples of motor skills have more validity than work samples of verbal skills. Additionally, work samples are less likely to discriminate against individuals from different groups and are acceptable to applicants.

Question 83

Mean square within (MSW)

Answer 83

A measure of within-group variance== the degree to which subjects within the same experimental group differ from each other. MSW is the denominator of the F ratio, and is referred to as the error term. The larger the magnitude of MSW, the less likely the F ratio will be significant.

Question 84

Psychodrama

Answer 84

Employs experiential methods, role theory, sociometry and group dynamics to facilitate insight, personal growth, and integration on cognitive, behavioral and affective levels. Psychodrama provides participants a safe, supportive environment in which to practice new and more effective roles and behaviors. These are 3 distinct components of group interaction in classical structured psychodrama sessions: the warm-up, the action, and the sharing phases. In the warm-up phase, the group theme is identified and a protagonist, the individual(s) who represent the theme in the drama, is selected. In the action phase the problem is dramatized and the protagonist explores new methods of resolving it. Then in the sharing phase, group members may express or share their associations, experience of connection with the protagonist's work. The other components include auxiliary egos, or group members who assume the roles of significant others in the drama; the director, and the stage.

Question 85

4 stages of neural development

Answer 85

Neural development involves the stages of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination. The proliferation stage includes the production of cells. Migration is the second stage of development during which the cells move or migrate to its ultimate destination in the nervous system. Following migration is differentiation, in which cells develop the unique characteristics of nerve cells. During the fourth stage, myelination, the axons of some cells become insulated by glial cells.

Question 86

Automatic thoughts

Answer 86

Automatic thoughts are interpretations of a situation that determine one's behavioral and emotional responses. Everyone has automatic thoughts-- they're not necessarily associated with cognitive distortions or psychological distress. However, when automatic thoughts provide an unrealistic interpretation of the situation, they may lead to maladaptive behavioral or emotional responses.

Question 87

ADHD and the brain

Answer 87

The size of the caudate nucleus (especially in the right hemisphere) has been linked to impulsivity in children with ADHD-- the smaller the caudate, the greater the impulsivity.

Question 88

Kuder-Richardson Reliability

Answer 88

The Kuder-Richardson formula is one of several statistical indices of a test's internal consistency reliability. It is used to assess the inter-item consistency of tests that are dichotomously scored.

Question 89

Organic Amnesia

Answer 89

Neurological disorders that damage the medial temporal region (tumors, head injuries, viral infection, vascular or other neurological disorders) can cause organic amnesia. In organic amnesia, anterograde amnesia (an impaired ability to form new permanent memories) is often the outstanding cognitive impairment, though retrograde amnesia (impairment of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia) can also occur. Despite the severe impairment in new learning ability, general intellectual or language abilities and short-term memory are generally intact.

Question 90

Bandura's Study on Aggression

Answer 90

Bandura (1963) showed the effect on children of witnessing either live or filmed models. He showed that not only do children imitate the aggressive behaviors of adults, that the the more important, liked, and familiar the adults are, the more the children will imitate them.