Practice Exam 2 Flashcards
Patterson’s research on parents of aggressive children
Patterson found that parents of aggressive children often use harsh physical punishment which is applied inconsistently and often not connected to the child’s behavior. Parents who combine hostility with autonomy (e.g. those who combine violent discipline with a laissez-faire attitude toward their children) are likely to produce disobedient and aggressive children.
Experiment-wise error rate
In an experiment that involves more than one comparison, the probability of at least one Type I error is referred to as the experiment-wise error rate.
MANOVA
Advantage is that it reduces the probability of experiment-wise error rate when a study involves 2 or more dependent variables.
Learning Disorder comorbidity
ADHD is the most frequent comorbid disorder, with about 20-25% of children with a Learning Disorder also having ADHD.
Secondary impotence
diagnosed when a man persistently or recurrently fails to attain or maintain an erection even though in the past he has successfully achieved an erection
Herbert Simon
Linked with the bounded rationality (administrative) model of decision-making. Proposes that decision makers are not always completely rational in making choices. Instead, time and resources limit their consideration of alternatives, so they tend to consider alternatives only until a satisfactory one is identified.
Wernicke’s, Broca’s and Conduction Aphasia share what in common?
Difficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects are characteristic of all 3 disorders. Conduction aphasia is due to damage in the nerve fibers that connect Broca’s to Wernicke’s area and the most typical result is difficulty repeating what one has heard.
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory
A leader’s effectiveness is determined by a combination of the leader’s style and the characteristics of the situation. Low LPC leaders are task and achievement oriented (e.g. the first one to hand in this budget reports wins the office lottery pool!) and high HPC leaders are primarily relationship-oriented. The leader’s success is contingent upon the situation, the task to be completed, leader’s style of personality, and the maturity of the group. Fiedler proposes that the task-oriented (low LPC) leaders are most effective when the leader has either low or high situational control and person-oriented (high LPC) leaders are most effective when situational control is moderate. According to Fiedler, the 3 dimensions of situational control are determined by: leader-employee/member relations; task-structure, and leader position/legitimate power.
Heteroscedasticity
Refers to a differential level of scatter, not high scatter. This term means that the scatter is uneven at different points of the continuum or regression line. For instance, there may be high variability around the regression line at low x (predictor) values, and low variability around the line at high x values.
Rational-Emotive Therapy
A primary tenet is that a belief determines behavior. RET is basically a cognitively-based theory even though in practice therapists use many modalities. The idea is that beliefs– irrational beliefs– determine our maladaptive behaviors.
ADHD comorbidity
ADHD is highly comorbid with Conduct Disorder. Between 30-50% of children with ADHD also meet criteria for Conduct Disorder, with the highest comorbidity rates among the 2 subtypes marked by hyperactivity-impulsivity. the % of pts with Conduct Disorder who also have ADHD is 70%. Most pts with ADHD DO NOT have Tourette’s.
Tourette’s Disorder comorbidity
Among those with Tourette’s Disorder/Syndrome, the comorbidity of ADHD is at least 50%. Individuals with Tourette’s frequently suffer from a learning disorder in school because of attentional and hyperactivity problems. Although learning problems are associated with the disorder, children with Tourette’s Syndrome as a group have the same range of IQ as the population at large. The increased rates of ADHD in those diagnosed with TS+DL demonstrates the potential impact of ADHD on LD as a causal or confounding factor.
Communication-Interaction Therapy (MRI Institute with Bateson, Stair, Haley)
Family therapists from the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto described communication as having a “report function” that contains the content or informational aspect of the communication, and the “command function,” that is often conveyed nonverbally and exemplifies the relationship between the communicators.
Equifinality
The idea that no matter where the system change occurs, the end result is the same.
Circular model of causality
A concept in the communication-interaction therapy that describes a symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns.
Infant depth perception
Occurs in a predictable sequence: kinetic, binocular, and pictorial
Job Characteristics Model
When jobs are redesigned or changes are implemented based on a job characteristics assessment, there are improvements in satisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, and motivation. Work quality is less likely to be affected.
“Fourth force” in psychology
Multiculturalism has been defined as the 4th Force in psychology, one which complements the behavioral, psychodynamic and humanistic explanations of human behavior. This “fourth force” originated within the civil rights and social movements of the 1960s.
Tricyclics vs. MAOIs
Tricyclics include imipramine, clomimpramine, and amitryptyline. In the treatment of depression, they are most effective in relieving vegetative symptoms such as appetitive, sleep and motor disturbances. THey are also much more likely to cause anticholingeric effects. By contrast, the MAO inhibitors are more effective in the treatment of atypical depressions.
Moderator variable
Any variable that moderates, or influences, the relationship between 2 other variables. If the validity of a job selection test is different for different ethnic groups (i.e. there is differential validity), then ethnicity would be considered as a moderator variable.
Criterion contamination
The artificial inflation of validity which can occur when raters subjectively score ratees on a criterion measure after they have been informed how the ratees scored on a predictor.
Confirmatory/Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies our existing beliefs.
Self-verification Theory
People seek confirmation of their self-concept.
Controlling excessive aggression in children
Best way is to teach aggressive children alternative, nonaggressive, prosocial behaviors, which is a component of social-skills training. There are a variety of approaches to the treatment of aggressive behavior in children, most commonly CBT. In children who are older or developmentally advance enough to understand, cognitive approaches tend to focus on helpful the person accurately interpret external cues. In younger children, the goal is often to identify the child’s goals, the negative consequences of using aggression to meet these goals, and alternatives to aggression. Also, aggression is the most biologically determined characteristic related to hormones more than to learning; boys are just more aggressive than girls and this seems to transcend socialization.
Weisz et al. (1995) Meta-Analysis comparing age and therapy outcome
Found that therapy has better outcomes for adolescents than children, especially female adolescents and when the therapist is a professional or student (vs. paraprofessional)
3 Factors of Hypnosis
1) Absorption, whereby the individual is completely engrossed in a central experience, 2) dissociation, whereby the ordinary functioning of consciousness and memory are altered in some way and 3) suggestibility, whereby individuals have to be less inhibited and restricted while in the trance-like state
Expectancy Theory
Expectancy theory is based on the premise that motivation is a cognitive process involving 3 variables: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy refers to the belief that effort will lead to successful performance. Intstrumentality refers to the beliefs that successful performance will result in certain outcomes. The value placed on the outcomes of performance is referred to as valence.
Family Systems Approach
Once the SYSTEM changes, the individuals will change, because a system means that everything functions together. The work is at the systems level, not the individual level. If the family system changes, the identified patient will improve.
Rejected vs. Neglected children
Studies looking at the outcomes for rejected and neglected children have found that rejection is more stable than neglect. Neglected children may experience improvements in their peer status, while rejected children continue to be rejected by new peer groups.
Weiner’s Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion
Someone with high self-esteem would likely attribute achievements to internal, stable, controllable, intentional and specific causes. The attributions are most likely specific rather than global because a person with high self-esteem will acknowledge that he or she isn’t successful in everything.
Confluence Model
The confluence model states that each succeeding child has less of the family’s resources available to him or her. Only-borns and children from small families tend to, on the average, do better on measures of intellect and achievement than later borns.
Primary Memory
Another name for short-term memory.
Secondary Memory
Long-term memory
OCD vd. OCPD
Only OCD requires obsessions and/or compulsions; Unlike OCD, OCPD involves a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control.
Lenore Walker’s Cycle of Violence Stages
3 Stages: Tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the relationship occur in the 3rd stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
Hersey and Blanchard’s Styles
Delegating = low task and low relationship orientation; Participating = low task and high relationship orientation; Selling = high task and high relationship orientation; Telling = high task and low relationship orientation
Cancer and Psychological Factors
Research shows that psychological factors and stressful events have a small or no effect on cancer incidence. By contrast, psychological factors do appear to be related to recovery from cancer. For instance, psychological treatment combining support and training in self-hypnosis are associated with higher survival rates and improved quality of life in cancer patients.
Toddler conscience
Kochanska (1997) found that toddlers’ level of fearfulness mediates the effects of parental discipline. Specifically, the use of “gentle discipline” was found more effective for the development of conscience among fearful toddlers than among fearless toddlers. Fearless toddlers, on the other hand, developed conscience better through the use of a secure mother-child attachment. These results were not significant when reassessed during preschool years.
