Test 6/FINAL - Neuro I Flashcards
Nerves which travel to and from the spinal cord are called?
Spinal
For a typical resting cell, is there more calcium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Outside
The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the glands, heart, smooth muscle, etc. is the “_____________” or visceral?
Autonomic
An electrical “____________” may be described as the difference in charge on inside and outside of cell?
Potential
Is sodium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Excitatory
Which major branch of the nervous system includes the crainial nerves, sciatic nerve, and nerves of the skin?
Peripheral
A specific type of cell that produces the myelin sheath in the central nervous system is?
Oligodendrocytes
Information that is gathered by the nervous system is referred to as?
Sensory input
Which of the following is an indolamine: acetylcholine, glycine, histamine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
Histamine
Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
Norepinephrine
A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for rabies travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
A type of membrane channel which is opened in response to touch?
mechanical-gated channels
A process to reach threshold by increasing the frequency that a single input neuron fires?
Temporal
The brances of the nervous system that carry information towards the target or effector organs are “____________” or efferent?
Motor
Another name for the monoamines, adrenergics, or biogenic amines is?
Catacholamines
Is potassium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
A group of neurotransmitters that epinephrine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
The process by which it becomes easier to generate an action potential in a neuron due to repeated firing at the synapse allowing partial depolarization and a build-up of calcium?
synaptic potentiation
Is calcium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Excitatory
A type of conduction of an action potential in which is “jumps” from node to node is known as?
Saltatory conduction
Another name for the catacholamines, adrenergics, or biogenic amines is?
Biogenic amines
The cytoplasm of an axon is known as?
axoplasm
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates urination is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?
parasympathetic
Neurons located between the efferent and afferent neurons?
Interneurons
Another name for norepinephrine is?
Noradrenalin
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” is Na+ is pumped OUT
Negative
The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the glands, heart, smooth muscle, etc, is the autonomic or “____________”?
Visceral
The location where two neurons meet (or neuron meets muscle cell, etc.)?
Synapse
Which cell is responsible for regulating the exchange between neurons and capillaries?
Astrocytes
A type of axonal transport that moves empty synaptic vessicles back to soma to be refilled is known as fast as?
Retrograde
A process to reach threshold by firing several presynaptic neurons at the same time
Spacial
The receptive components of a neuron are the?
dendrite
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates digestion is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?
parasympathetic
A nerve cell is known as?
neuron
Name the cell that is responsible for causing the endothelia of the brain capillaries to form and maintain the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
A specific type of cell that produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is?
Schwann
Which branch of the sensory nervous systems carries information from various organs to the brain?
visceral afferent/sensory
A type of axonal transport that moves back towards soma?
Retrograde
The rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron is known as?
Nissl bodies
A type of axonal transport that moves mitochondria and synaptic vessicales to the synaptic knobs is?
Antegrade
The most abundant glial cell of the central nervous system is?
Astrocytes
Another name for the cell body of neuron is?
soma
Breaks in sheath along the axon are known as the?
Nodes or Ranvier
Which of the following is an indolamine: serotonin, acetylcholine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
Serotonin
These neurons “DECIDED” weather or not to respond to stimuli?
Interneurons
Once the channels open on the dendrites or the postsynaptic neuron, what is the more immediate effect?
sodium influx
A type of axonal transport by which the organism that causes tetanus travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
A type of local potential which occurs within a touch receptor is known as a?
Receptor
For a typical resting cell, is there less sodium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Inside
Which of the major classes of neurons are the most common neuron type in nervous system (NS) is?
Multipolar
Neurons which have one axon and one dendrite belong to which of the major classes or neurons?
Bipolar
A type of axonal transport that moves away from soma is?
Antegrade
For a typical resting cell, is there less chloride on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Inside
Branches near the end of an axon are known as?
Terminal branches
The response that the nervous system makes as a reaction to the information that it receives is known as?
Motor output
The flow (influx or efflux) of ions is known as a “________”?
Current
A type of synapse in which cells connect by gap junctions?
Electrical
Is sodium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for rabies travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
Once the neurotransmitter binds to its receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, what happens next?
opening of sodium channels
Neurons of the special senses such as olfactory, retina, inner ear belong to which of the major classes of neurons?
Bipolar
A potential in which, the stronger the stimulus the more positive the inside of the neuron becomes thus the closer to threshold?
Graded
A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for polio travels from the terminal to soma, and therfore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if K+ is pumped IN
Positive
This type of gradient keeps MORE Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and MORE K+ INSIDE of the cell
Chemical
A stage of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?
Resting
Oligodendrocytes produce the “______” “_______” in the central nervous system is?
Myelin sheath
A type of potential observed between the base of the axon all the way to the synaptic knobs?
Action
What is the more immediate effect upon the arrival of the action potential at the distal end of the motor neuron’s axon?
oppening of calcium channels
The part of a neuron that carries information towards the soma
dendrite
The phospholipid insulation that surrounds the axon?
Myelin Sheath
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the “fight or flight” systems is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?
Sympathetic
What is the more immediate effect of the calcium influx at the nerve terminal?
migration of the synaptic vesicles to the neurolemma
Which type of neuron demonstrates the slower velocity of its action potential, “myelinated” or “unmyelinated”?
Unmyelinated
Which type of synapse is the fastest?
Electrical
The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the skeletal muscles?
Somatic
The base of axon, where action potentials are generated?
axon hillock
A process in which the first neuron causes an IPSP in the second neuron, making it more difficult for the second to fire is known as?
Synaptic inhibition
The branches of the nervous system that carry information towards the target or effector organ are motor or “_____________”?
Efferent
The structures that carry out the motor output of the nervous system are known as?
Effector organ
Is calcium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
Neurons which have one axon and several dendrites belong to which of the major classes or neurons?
Multipolar
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?
Repolarization
This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a “+” outside and “-“ inside of the cell membrane
Electrical
A type of membrane channel which is opened when a chemical attaches?
ligand-gated channels
A type of membrane channel which is opened in response to pressure?
mechanical-gated channels
A type of local potential which occurs within a sensory receptor is known as a?
Receptor
A specific type of ciliated cell that line the brain’s ventricles and central canal of the spinal chord?
Ependyma
For a typical resting cell, is there less potassium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Outside
A type of synapse is typically seen in cardiac muscle?
Electrical
Which of the refractory periods occurs during hyperpolarization?
Relative
For a typical resting cell, is there more sodium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Outside
A type of potential that varies in magnitude according to stimuli is?
Graded
A change or difference in the electrical charge on the inside of a cell as compared to the outside is known as?
Electrical potential
Neurons located between the motor and sensory neurons?
Interneurons
The myelin sheath “increases” or “decreases” the velocity of the action potential along the axon?
Increases
Name the process by which the nervous system processes the information it receives then “decides” if to respons to it or not?
Integration
Anything that makes the inside of a cell more positive will tend to be “excitatory” or “inhibitory”?
Excitatory
A type of axonal transport that moves enzymes & cytoskeletal components towards the synaptic knobs?
Antegrade
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped IN
Positive
For a typical resting cell, is there more chloride on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Outside
How does GABA inhibit cells?
allows choride influx
The cell membrane of an axon is known as?
axolemma
Anything that makes the inside of a cell more negative will tend to be “excitatory” or “inhibitory”?
Inhibitory
A type of membrane channel which is opened when the charge on the cell membrane changes?
voltage-gated channels
The distal, foot-like ends of an axon are known as the terminal or?
Synaptic knob
For a typical resting cell, is there more potassium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Inside
The distal, foot-like ends of an axon are known as the “__________” or synaptic knobs?
terminal
These neurons makes up 90% of all neurons?
Interneurons
Is chloride influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
A type of potential that can be either excitatory or inhibitory?
Graded
Compounds that increase or decrease the number of receptors located on the target cell of a neurotransmitter are called?
Neromodulators
A type of potential that has a tendency to decrease in magnitude with increased distance from the stimuli’s source?
Graded
The process by which the released neurotransmitter is pumped back into the synaptic vesicles is known as?
Re-uptake
A term that describes the tendency to decrease in magnitude with increased distance from the stimuli’s source
Decremental
Aspartate belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
A specialized manner in which the nerve impulse travels along an unmyelinated axon?
Continuous conduction
A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for polio travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
Which type of neuron demonstrates the faster velocity of its action potential, “myelinated” or “unmyelinated”?
Myelinated
A type of membrane channel which continuously stays open and allows ions to leak?
leakage channels
Is the outside of a typical resting cell “positive” or “negative”?
Positive
Is glycine usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?
Inhibitory
For a typical resting cell, is there less calcium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
Inside
A term that describes the tendency of a potential to “repolarize” if the stimulus is stopped is:
Reversible
A type of potential that is NOT reversible?
Action
Is the inside of a typical resting cell “positive” or “negative”?
Negative
What process causes the calcium channels to open on the distal end of the motor neuron’s axon?
nerve action potential reaches terminal
Is gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?
Inhibitory
A type of potential that is reversible?
Graded
The outermost layer of the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is called the?
Neurolemma
The name for a period in a neuron from about half-way through repolarization to the beginning of the next resting period?
Relative
A concept that describes the fact that once a neuron reaches threshold, there is no stopping the action potential?
All-or-none
Is chloride efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Excitatory
In a typical two-neuron pathway, the first neuron is known as the “___________” neuron?
Presynaptic
A type of axonal transport by which the organism that causes tetanus travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
A type of potential that does NOT varies in magnitude according to stimuli?
Action
A type of axonal transport that moves empty synaptic vessicales back to soma to be refilled is known as?
Retrograde
A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for herpes travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
Neurons which have only one process that leaves soma belong to which of the major classes of neurons?
Unipolar
Is potassium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Excitatory
The name for a period in a neuron from the beginning of the action potential until about half-way through repolarization?
Absolute refractory period
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Cl- is pumped OUT
Positive
The resting electrochemical gradient is maintained by?
Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump
What is the name for the period in a neuron during which an action potential may be generated only with a greater than normal stimulus?
Relative refractory period
What is caused by the rapid influx of sodium into dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron
Nerves which travel to and from the brain and exit the cranial vault are referred to as?
Cranial
Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, glycine, epinephrine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
Epinephrine
The brances of the nervous system that carry information towards the central nervous system are sensory or “______________”?
Afferent
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if K+ is pumped OUT
Negative
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates defication is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?
parasympathetic
A type of synapes observed at the neuromuscular junction?
Chemical
A type of synapse is typically seen in smooth muscle?
Electrical
Another name for the monoamines, catacholamines, or biogenic amines is?
Adrenergics
Neurons which carry sensory info to spinal cord belong to which of the major classes of neurons?
Unipolar
A type of synapse in which an action potential reaches the terminal and stops, causes the release of neurotransmitter, and a new action potential is generated in the second neuron?
Chemical
A type of membrane channel which continuously stays open and allows ions to leak?
non-gated channels
A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?
Depolarization
A point-of-no return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?
Threshold
A type of potential observed between the dendrites and the axon hillock is said to be?
Graded
A condition in which a cell at rest tends to be positive on outside and negative on inside
Polar
The branches of the nervous system that carry information away from the central nervous system are motor or “______________”?
Efferent
A group of neurotransmitters that norephinephrine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for herpes travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
retrograde
The type of potential at the stimulus-receiving end of a sensory receptor demonstrates which of the following?
Graded
What is the process by which a cell expels compounds by fusing an organelle, like a synaptic vesicle, with the cell membrane?
exocytosis
The process by which the local potentials (EPSPs) accumulate to reach threshold?
Summation
The enzyme that destroys neurotransmitters that have been pumped back into the synaptic vesicles is?
Monoamine oxidate
In a typical two-neuron pathway, the second neuron is known as the “____________” neuron?
Postsynaptic
What process immediately precedes and causes the migration of the synaptic vesicles to the neurolemma?
calcium influx
A type of local potential which occurs in a second neuron after being exposed to a neurotransmitter?
Postsynaptic
A specific type of cell that functions as the macrophages of the central nervous system?
Microglia
Compounds that increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters released from a neuron are called?
Neuromodulators
Which major branch of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Central
A group of neurotransmitters that dopamine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
The manner in which it becomes easier to generate an action potential within a neuron due to the partially depolarized condition of the cell?
Facilitation
Processes of a neuron that branch directly from the main axon are known as?
axon collaterals
The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine at the NMJ is?
Acetylcholinesterase
This neurotransmitter is seen at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
The cytoskeletal components of a neuron are known as?
neurofibrils
A type of synapse in which the action potential goes from cell to cell with the least amount of resistance and time?
Electrical
Which branch of the sensory nervous system carries information from the skin, muscles, bones, and joints to the brain?
Somatic
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Cl- is pumped IN
Negative
Beta-endorphin belongs to which class of neurotransmitters?
Neuropeptides
The branches of the nervous system that carry information away from the central nervous system are “_______________” or efferent?
Motor
Another name for epinephrine is?
Adrenalin
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes “more negative” than the resting state is known as?
Hyperpolarization
The initials or abbreviation for the neurotransmitter, the receptors for which allow Chloride (chloride ion carries a negative 1 charge) influx?
GABA
The branches of the nervous system that carry information towards the central nervous system are “___________” or afferent?
Sensory
Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin, dopamine?
Dopamine
Gamma amino butyric acid belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
In a neuron, a period during which no action potential can be generated, regardless of the strength of stimuli is known as?
Absolute refractory period
Is aspartate usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?
excitatory
Is glutamate usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?
excitatory
Glycine belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
A term that describes a potential as it varies in magnitude according to stimuli
Graded
A type of potential that can only be either excitatory?
Action
A group of neurotransmitters that serotonin belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
A type of cell in the nervous system that is approximately 50 times more abundant than neurons is “___________” cells?
Neuroglial
The part of a neuron that carries information away from soma is?
axon
Glutamate belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
A specific type of cell that surrounds the soma in the peripheral nervous system is?
Satellite
Substance P belongs to which class of neurotransmitters?
Neuropeptides
A bundle of neurons (mostly axons) is commonly referred to as?
Nerve
