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Test 6/FINAL > Test 6/FINAL - Neuro I > Flashcards

Test 6/FINAL - Neuro I Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves which travel to and from the spinal cord are called?

A

Spinal

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2
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there more calcium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Outside

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3
Q

The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the glands, heart, smooth muscle, etc. is the “_____________” or visceral?

A

Autonomic

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4
Q

An electrical “____________” may be described as the difference in charge on inside and outside of cell?

A

Potential

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5
Q

Is sodium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Excitatory

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6
Q

Which major branch of the nervous system includes the crainial nerves, sciatic nerve, and nerves of the skin?

A

Peripheral

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7
Q

A specific type of cell that produces the myelin sheath in the central nervous system is?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

Information that is gathered by the nervous system is referred to as?

A

Sensory input

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9
Q

Which of the following is an indolamine: acetylcholine, glycine, histamine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?

A

Histamine

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10
Q

Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?

A

Norepinephrine

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11
Q

A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for rabies travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

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12
Q

A type of membrane channel which is opened in response to touch?

A

mechanical-gated channels

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13
Q

A process to reach threshold by increasing the frequency that a single input neuron fires?

A

Temporal

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14
Q

The brances of the nervous system that carry information towards the target or effector organs are “____________” or efferent?

A

Motor

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15
Q

Another name for the monoamines, adrenergics, or biogenic amines is?

A

Catacholamines

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16
Q

Is potassium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Inhibitory

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17
Q

A group of neurotransmitters that epinephrine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenergic

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18
Q

The process by which it becomes easier to generate an action potential in a neuron due to repeated firing at the synapse allowing partial depolarization and a build-up of calcium?

A

synaptic potentiation

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19
Q

Is calcium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Excitatory

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20
Q

A type of conduction of an action potential in which is “jumps” from node to node is known as?

A

Saltatory conduction

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21
Q

Another name for the catacholamines, adrenergics, or biogenic amines is?

A

Biogenic amines

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22
Q

The cytoplasm of an axon is known as?

A

axoplasm

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23
Q

The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates urination is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?

A

parasympathetic

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24
Q

Neurons located between the efferent and afferent neurons?

A

Interneurons

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25
Q

Another name for norepinephrine is?

A

Noradrenalin

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26
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” is Na+ is pumped OUT

A

Negative

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27
Q

The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the glands, heart, smooth muscle, etc, is the autonomic or “____________”?

A

Visceral

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28
Q

The location where two neurons meet (or neuron meets muscle cell, etc.)?

A

Synapse

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29
Q

Which cell is responsible for regulating the exchange between neurons and capillaries?

A

Astrocytes

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30
Q

A type of axonal transport that moves empty synaptic vessicles back to soma to be refilled is known as fast as?

A

Retrograde

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31
Q

A process to reach threshold by firing several presynaptic neurons at the same time

A

Spacial

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32
Q

The receptive components of a neuron are the?

A

dendrite

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33
Q

The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates digestion is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?

A

parasympathetic

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34
Q

A nerve cell is known as?

A

neuron

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35
Q

Name the cell that is responsible for causing the endothelia of the brain capillaries to form and maintain the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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36
Q

A specific type of cell that produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is?

A

Schwann

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37
Q

Which branch of the sensory nervous systems carries information from various organs to the brain?

A

visceral afferent/sensory

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38
Q

A type of axonal transport that moves back towards soma?

A

Retrograde

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39
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron is known as?

A

Nissl bodies

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40
Q

A type of axonal transport that moves mitochondria and synaptic vessicales to the synaptic knobs is?

A

Antegrade

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41
Q

The most abundant glial cell of the central nervous system is?

A

Astrocytes

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42
Q

Another name for the cell body of neuron is?

A

soma

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43
Q

Breaks in sheath along the axon are known as the?

A

Nodes or Ranvier

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44
Q

Which of the following is an indolamine: serotonin, acetylcholine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?

A

Serotonin

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45
Q

These neurons “DECIDED” weather or not to respond to stimuli?

A

Interneurons

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46
Q

Once the channels open on the dendrites or the postsynaptic neuron, what is the more immediate effect?

A

sodium influx

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47
Q

A type of axonal transport by which the organism that causes tetanus travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

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48
Q

A type of local potential which occurs within a touch receptor is known as a?

A

Receptor

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49
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there less sodium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Inside

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50
Q

Which of the major classes of neurons are the most common neuron type in nervous system (NS) is?

A

Multipolar

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51
Q

Neurons which have one axon and one dendrite belong to which of the major classes or neurons?

A

Bipolar

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52
Q

A type of axonal transport that moves away from soma is?

A

Antegrade

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53
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there less chloride on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Inside

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54
Q

Branches near the end of an axon are known as?

A

Terminal branches

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55
Q

The response that the nervous system makes as a reaction to the information that it receives is known as?

A

Motor output

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56
Q

The flow (influx or efflux) of ions is known as a “________”?

A

Current

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57
Q

A type of synapse in which cells connect by gap junctions?

A

Electrical

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58
Q

Is sodium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Inhibitory

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59
Q

A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for rabies travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

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60
Q

Once the neurotransmitter binds to its receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, what happens next?

A

opening of sodium channels

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61
Q

Neurons of the special senses such as olfactory, retina, inner ear belong to which of the major classes of neurons?

A

Bipolar

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62
Q

A potential in which, the stronger the stimulus the more positive the inside of the neuron becomes thus the closer to threshold?

A

Graded

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63
Q

A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for polio travels from the terminal to soma, and therfore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

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64
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if K+ is pumped IN

A

Positive

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65
Q

This type of gradient keeps MORE Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and MORE K+ INSIDE of the cell

A

Chemical

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66
Q

A stage of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?

A

Resting

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67
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce the “______” “_______” in the central nervous system is?

A

Myelin sheath

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68
Q

A type of potential observed between the base of the axon all the way to the synaptic knobs?

A

Action

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69
Q

What is the more immediate effect upon the arrival of the action potential at the distal end of the motor neuron’s axon?

A

oppening of calcium channels

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70
Q

The part of a neuron that carries information towards the soma

A

dendrite

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71
Q

The phospholipid insulation that surrounds the axon?

A

Myelin Sheath

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72
Q

The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the “fight or flight” systems is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?

A

Sympathetic

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73
Q

What is the more immediate effect of the calcium influx at the nerve terminal?

A

migration of the synaptic vesicles to the neurolemma

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74
Q

Which type of neuron demonstrates the slower velocity of its action potential, “myelinated” or “unmyelinated”?

A

Unmyelinated

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75
Q

Which type of synapse is the fastest?

A

Electrical

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76
Q

The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic

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77
Q

The base of axon, where action potentials are generated?

A

axon hillock

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78
Q

A process in which the first neuron causes an IPSP in the second neuron, making it more difficult for the second to fire is known as?

A

Synaptic inhibition

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79
Q

The branches of the nervous system that carry information towards the target or effector organ are motor or “_____________”?

A

Efferent

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80
Q

The structures that carry out the motor output of the nervous system are known as?

A

Effector organ

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81
Q

Is calcium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Inhibitory

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82
Q

Neurons which have one axon and several dendrites belong to which of the major classes or neurons?

A

Multipolar

83
Q

A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?

A

Repolarization

84
Q

This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a “+” outside and “-“ inside of the cell membrane

A

Electrical

85
Q

A type of membrane channel which is opened when a chemical attaches?

A

ligand-gated channels

86
Q

A type of membrane channel which is opened in response to pressure?

A

mechanical-gated channels

87
Q

A type of local potential which occurs within a sensory receptor is known as a?

A

Receptor

88
Q

A specific type of ciliated cell that line the brain’s ventricles and central canal of the spinal chord?

A

Ependyma

89
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there less potassium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Outside

90
Q

A type of synapse is typically seen in cardiac muscle?

A

Electrical

91
Q

Which of the refractory periods occurs during hyperpolarization?

A

Relative

92
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there more sodium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Outside

93
Q

A type of potential that varies in magnitude according to stimuli is?

A

Graded

94
Q

A change or difference in the electrical charge on the inside of a cell as compared to the outside is known as?

A

Electrical potential

95
Q

Neurons located between the motor and sensory neurons?

A

Interneurons

96
Q

The myelin sheath “increases” or “decreases” the velocity of the action potential along the axon?

A

Increases

97
Q

Name the process by which the nervous system processes the information it receives then “decides” if to respons to it or not?

A

Integration

98
Q

Anything that makes the inside of a cell more positive will tend to be “excitatory” or “inhibitory”?

A

Excitatory

99
Q

A type of axonal transport that moves enzymes & cytoskeletal components towards the synaptic knobs?

A

Antegrade

100
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped IN

A

Positive

101
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there more chloride on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Outside

102
Q

How does GABA inhibit cells?

A

allows choride influx

103
Q

The cell membrane of an axon is known as?

A

axolemma

104
Q

Anything that makes the inside of a cell more negative will tend to be “excitatory” or “inhibitory”?

A

Inhibitory

105
Q

A type of membrane channel which is opened when the charge on the cell membrane changes?

A

voltage-gated channels

106
Q

The distal, foot-like ends of an axon are known as the terminal or?

A

Synaptic knob

107
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there more potassium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Inside

108
Q

The distal, foot-like ends of an axon are known as the “__________” or synaptic knobs?

A

terminal

109
Q

These neurons makes up 90% of all neurons?

A

Interneurons

110
Q

Is chloride influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Inhibitory

111
Q

A type of potential that can be either excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Graded

112
Q

Compounds that increase or decrease the number of receptors located on the target cell of a neurotransmitter are called?

A

Neromodulators

113
Q

A type of potential that has a tendency to decrease in magnitude with increased distance from the stimuli’s source?

A

Graded

114
Q

The process by which the released neurotransmitter is pumped back into the synaptic vesicles is known as?

A

Re-uptake

115
Q

A term that describes the tendency to decrease in magnitude with increased distance from the stimuli’s source

A

Decremental

116
Q

Aspartate belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino Acids

117
Q

A specialized manner in which the nerve impulse travels along an unmyelinated axon?

A

Continuous conduction

118
Q

A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for polio travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

119
Q

Which type of neuron demonstrates the faster velocity of its action potential, “myelinated” or “unmyelinated”?

A

Myelinated

120
Q

A type of membrane channel which continuously stays open and allows ions to leak?

A

leakage channels

121
Q

Is the outside of a typical resting cell “positive” or “negative”?

A

Positive

122
Q

Is glycine usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?

A

Inhibitory

123
Q

For a typical resting cell, is there less calcium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?

A

Inside

124
Q

A term that describes the tendency of a potential to “repolarize” if the stimulus is stopped is:

A

Reversible

125
Q

A type of potential that is NOT reversible?

A

Action

126
Q

Is the inside of a typical resting cell “positive” or “negative”?

A

Negative

127
Q

What process causes the calcium channels to open on the distal end of the motor neuron’s axon?

A

nerve action potential reaches terminal

128
Q

Is gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?

A

Inhibitory

129
Q

A type of potential that is reversible?

A

Graded

130
Q

The outermost layer of the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is called the?

A

Neurolemma

131
Q

The name for a period in a neuron from about half-way through repolarization to the beginning of the next resting period?

A

Relative

132
Q

A concept that describes the fact that once a neuron reaches threshold, there is no stopping the action potential?

A

All-or-none

133
Q

Is chloride efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Excitatory

134
Q

In a typical two-neuron pathway, the first neuron is known as the “___________” neuron?

A

Presynaptic

135
Q

A type of axonal transport by which the organism that causes tetanus travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

136
Q

A type of potential that does NOT varies in magnitude according to stimuli?

A

Action

137
Q

A type of axonal transport that moves empty synaptic vessicales back to soma to be refilled is known as?

A

Retrograde

138
Q

A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for herpes travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

Retrograde

139
Q

Neurons which have only one process that leaves soma belong to which of the major classes of neurons?

A

Unipolar

140
Q

Is potassium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?

A

Excitatory

141
Q

The name for a period in a neuron from the beginning of the action potential until about half-way through repolarization?

A

Absolute refractory period

142
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Cl- is pumped OUT

A

Positive

143
Q

The resting electrochemical gradient is maintained by?

A

Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump

144
Q

What is the name for the period in a neuron during which an action potential may be generated only with a greater than normal stimulus?

A

Relative refractory period

145
Q

What is caused by the rapid influx of sodium into dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

A

an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron

146
Q

Nerves which travel to and from the brain and exit the cranial vault are referred to as?

A

Cranial

147
Q

Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, glycine, epinephrine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?

A

Epinephrine

148
Q

The brances of the nervous system that carry information towards the central nervous system are sensory or “______________”?

A

Afferent

149
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if K+ is pumped OUT

A

Negative

150
Q

The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates defication is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?

A

parasympathetic

151
Q

A type of synapes observed at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Chemical

152
Q

A type of synapse is typically seen in smooth muscle?

A

Electrical

153
Q

Another name for the monoamines, catacholamines, or biogenic amines is?

A

Adrenergics

154
Q

Neurons which carry sensory info to spinal cord belong to which of the major classes of neurons?

A

Unipolar

155
Q

A type of synapse in which an action potential reaches the terminal and stops, causes the release of neurotransmitter, and a new action potential is generated in the second neuron?

A

Chemical

156
Q

A type of membrane channel which continuously stays open and allows ions to leak?

A

non-gated channels

157
Q

A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?

A

Depolarization

158
Q

A point-of-no return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?

A

Threshold

159
Q

A type of potential observed between the dendrites and the axon hillock is said to be?

A

Graded

160
Q

A condition in which a cell at rest tends to be positive on outside and negative on inside

A

Polar

161
Q

The branches of the nervous system that carry information away from the central nervous system are motor or “______________”?

A

Efferent

162
Q

A group of neurotransmitters that norephinephrine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenergic

163
Q

A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for herpes travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?

A

retrograde

164
Q

The type of potential at the stimulus-receiving end of a sensory receptor demonstrates which of the following?

A

Graded

165
Q

What is the process by which a cell expels compounds by fusing an organelle, like a synaptic vesicle, with the cell membrane?

A

exocytosis

166
Q

The process by which the local potentials (EPSPs) accumulate to reach threshold?

A

Summation

167
Q

The enzyme that destroys neurotransmitters that have been pumped back into the synaptic vesicles is?

A

Monoamine oxidate

168
Q

In a typical two-neuron pathway, the second neuron is known as the “____________” neuron?

A

Postsynaptic

169
Q

What process immediately precedes and causes the migration of the synaptic vesicles to the neurolemma?

A

calcium influx

170
Q

A type of local potential which occurs in a second neuron after being exposed to a neurotransmitter?

A

Postsynaptic

171
Q

A specific type of cell that functions as the macrophages of the central nervous system?

A

Microglia

172
Q

Compounds that increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters released from a neuron are called?

A

Neuromodulators

173
Q

Which major branch of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

A

Central

174
Q

A group of neurotransmitters that dopamine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenergic

175
Q

The manner in which it becomes easier to generate an action potential within a neuron due to the partially depolarized condition of the cell?

A

Facilitation

176
Q

Processes of a neuron that branch directly from the main axon are known as?

A

axon collaterals

177
Q

The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine at the NMJ is?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

178
Q

This neurotransmitter is seen at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

179
Q

The cytoskeletal components of a neuron are known as?

A

neurofibrils

180
Q

A type of synapse in which the action potential goes from cell to cell with the least amount of resistance and time?

A

Electrical

181
Q

Which branch of the sensory nervous system carries information from the skin, muscles, bones, and joints to the brain?

A

Somatic

182
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Cl- is pumped IN

A

Negative

183
Q

Beta-endorphin belongs to which class of neurotransmitters?

A

Neuropeptides

184
Q

The branches of the nervous system that carry information away from the central nervous system are “_______________” or efferent?

A

Motor

185
Q

Another name for epinephrine is?

A

Adrenalin

186
Q

A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes “more negative” than the resting state is known as?

A

Hyperpolarization

187
Q

The initials or abbreviation for the neurotransmitter, the receptors for which allow Chloride (chloride ion carries a negative 1 charge) influx?

A

GABA

188
Q

The branches of the nervous system that carry information towards the central nervous system are “___________” or afferent?

A

Sensory

189
Q

Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin, dopamine?

A

Dopamine

190
Q

Gamma amino butyric acid belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino Acids

191
Q

In a neuron, a period during which no action potential can be generated, regardless of the strength of stimuli is known as?

A

Absolute refractory period

192
Q

Is aspartate usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?

A

excitatory

193
Q

Is glutamate usually “inhibitory” or “excitatory”?

A

excitatory

194
Q

Glycine belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino Acids

195
Q

A term that describes a potential as it varies in magnitude according to stimuli

A

Graded

196
Q

A type of potential that can only be either excitatory?

A

Action

197
Q

A group of neurotransmitters that serotonin belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenergic

198
Q

A type of cell in the nervous system that is approximately 50 times more abundant than neurons is “___________” cells?

A

Neuroglial

199
Q

The part of a neuron that carries information away from soma is?

A

axon

200
Q

Glutamate belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino Acids

201
Q

A specific type of cell that surrounds the soma in the peripheral nervous system is?

A

Satellite

202
Q

Substance P belongs to which class of neurotransmitters?

A

Neuropeptides

203
Q

A bundle of neurons (mostly axons) is commonly referred to as?

A

Nerve

Test 6/FINAL (4 decks)

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