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Biology > Test 6 > Flashcards

Test 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Pedi

A

Beginning, child

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1
Q

Para

A

Beside, near

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2
Q

Pes, pedis, pod

A

Foot

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3
Q

Photo, phos, phot

A

Light

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4
Q

Post

A

After, behind

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5
Q

Semi

A

Half

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6
Q

Skleros

A

Hard

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7
Q

Soma

A

Body

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8
Q

Sub, sup

A

Below, under, smaller than

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9
Q

Super

A

Above, upper

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10
Q

Supra

A

Above, upon

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11
Q

Heredity

A

Parents passing traits to their children

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12
Q

Genetics

A

Type of biology that studies hereditary

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13
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from one plant to another plant

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14
Q

Purebred

A

Something that has been bred from a group of organisms all with the same traits

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15
Q

Trait

A

Characteristic that a living thing can pass on to its children

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16
Q

Gene

A

DNA that codes for a protein

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17
Q

Recessive

A

a gene that is only shown when it becomes homozygous

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18
Q

Segregation

A

the separation of alleles during gamete formation

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19
Q

Punnett square

A

Chart showing the possible combinations of genes

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20
Q

Gamete

A

reproductive cell involved in sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics of an of an organism

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22
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

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23
Q

Probability

A

Likeliness that a certain event will happen

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24
Q

Diploid

A

cell that contains a double set of chromosomes

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25
Q

haploid

A

Cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

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26
Q

Independent assortment

A

Heredity genes that are segregated independently

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27
Q

Autosome

A

asexual chromosome

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28
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Change in the number or structure of chromosomes in a cell

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29
Q

Codominance

A

Condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed

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30
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

addition or deletion that changes every codon from the point on

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31
Q

Gene mutation

A

Change involving the nucleotides of DNA

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32
Q

Inducer

A

Chemical substance that causes the production of enzymes

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33
Q

Intron

A

DNA that doesn’t code for protein

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34
Q

Linkage group

A

Genes that are inherited in a group

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35
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are inherited together and do not undergo independent assortment

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36
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the emetic material of a cell

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37
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Things that can happen to chromosomes causing mutations

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38
Q

Polygenic trait

A

Trait that is controlled by a number of genes

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39
Q

Point mutation

A

Gene mutation that affects a single nucleotide

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40
Q

Recombinant

A

Individual organism with new combinations of genes

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41
Q

Repressor

A

Special protein that binds to the operator and turns off the operon

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42
Q

Sex chromosome

A

Chromosome that is different in males and females

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43
Q

Sex linked

A

trait that is determined by a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes

44
Q

X chromosome

A

A sex chromosome;females have 2 and males have 1

45
Q

Y chromosomes

A

Male sex chromosome

46
Q

The 2n number of chromosomes is also called the _______ number.

A

Diploid

47
Q

The n number of chromosomes is also called the _______ number.

A

Haploid

48
Q

Sexual reproduction involves specialized sex cells called _______.

A

Gametes

49
Q

What is accomplished by meiotic cell division?

A

Production of gametes

50
Q

Eggs are produced by a type of gametogenesis called _______.

A

Oogenesis

51
Q

The ovum is larger than the polar bodies because it contains a greater amount of ______.

A

Food/cytoplasm

52
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, he crossed pea plants with green pods with plants with yellow pods. He found that all the offspring had green pods. The plants used in the original cross are members of the ______ generation. The offspring of the cross make up the _______ filial, or _______ generation.

A

P or P1
First
F1

53
Q

Anemia

A

Results from a lack of oxygen to the cells

54
Q

Red blood cell

A

Carries oxygen

4.5-5.5 million on average in a human body

55
Q

Capillary

A

Microscopic blood vessel

56
Q

Malaria

A

Kills red blood cells

57
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Genetic trait that makes it so you can’t have malaria

58
Q

The physical appearance of an individual is it’s _______, while the genetic makeup of an individual is its ________.

A

Phenotype

Genotype

59
Q

In guinea pigs, black coat color is dominant over white. How would you find out whether a black guinea pig is homozygous for coat color or heterozygous?

A

Test cross

60
Q

The units of heredity, which are called _______, are located on the ______.

A

Genes

Chromosomes

61
Q

Under what circumstances are genes inherited together?

A

Genes that are present on the same chromosome

62
Q

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called _______.

A

Nondisjunction

63
Q

Polyploidy

A

Where a cell has double the haploid number of chromosomes

64
Q

Two sex-linked traits in humans are ________ and _________.

A

Hemophilia and color blindness

65
Q

What Are multiple alleles?

A

Traits that have more than two genes

66
Q

Two traits in humans that are determined by multiple alleles are _______ and _______.

A

Blood type

Eye color

67
Q

Changes in chromosomes of body cells are called ________ mutations

A

Somatic

68
Q

Changes in the chromosomes of gametes are called _______.

A

Germinal

69
Q

Name four types of nondisjunction

A

Translocation, inversions, duplication and deletion

70
Q

The condition in which the cells of an organism have more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes is called _______.

A

Polyploidy

71
Q

Homozygous

A

Similar chromosomes

72
Q

Heterosis

A

Successful genotype

73
Q

Allele

A

Matching traits

74
Q

Self pollination

A

When plants pollinate themselves

75
Q

Dominant

A

Trait that is expressed

76
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Both traits are the. Same as blending inheritance

77
Q

Mitosis list

A 
Cell division
Asexual
Diploid-->diploid
Body cells
No variation
78
Q

Crossing over

A

Where chromosomes exchange parts

79
Q

4 things that increase the frequency of getting a mutation

A

Radiation
Virus
Drugs
Inbreeding

80
Q

Meiosis list

A 
Reduction division
Sexual
Diploid-->haploid
Sex cells
Variation
82
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

RBC

83
Q

Chemically, what is hemoglobin?

A

Composed of 600 amino acids, protein, and pigment

84
Q

What is the function of the hemoglobin?

A

Transports oxygen

85
Q

How does the abnormal hemoglobin found in sickles red blood cells differ from normal hemoglobins?

A

Change in one of the amino acids

86
Q

Explain how sickle cell anemia can cause death.

A

Clogs up blood vessels

87
Q

How might it be possible to check one’s phenotype for sickle cell anemia?

A

Examine blood under a microscope

88
Q

Explain the relationship between an allele and a gene.

A

A gene is made up of alleles

89
Q

What kind of cells are produced in meiosis?

A

Gametes

90
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

Body cells

91
Q

What is the main function of the process of mitosis?

A

Genetic continuity

92
Q

How many cells are produced in mitosis?

A

2

93
Q

How many cells are produced in meiosis?

A

Four

94
Q

What is the main function of the process of meiosis?

A

Genetic continuity and variation

95
Q

What kind of cells are produced in mitosis?

A

Body cells

96
Q

A haploid chromosome number of daughter cells are produced during which process?

A

Meiosis

97
Q

What is the chromosome number of the parent cell during mitosis?

A

2n

98
Q

What is the chromosome number of the parent cell during meiosis?

A

2n

99
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Reproductive glands

100
Q

Where does meiosis occur in males?

A

Primary spermatocyte

101
Q

Where does meiosis occur in females?

A

Primary oocyte

102
Q

How many cells do males produce in meiosis?

A

4

103
Q

How many cells do females produce in meiosis?

A

1

104
Q

What size are the cells males produce in meiosis?

A

Small

105
Q

What size are the cells females produce in meiosis?

A

Large

106
Q

3 sex linked disorders

A

Hemophilia
Duchenes muscular dystrophy
Color blindness

107
Q

4 autosome disorders

A

Hay-wells disorder
Acropetoral syndrome
Huntingtons disease
Jackson-wells syndrome

108
Q

4 sex chromosome disorders

A

Klienfelters syndrome
Turners syndrome
XX male syndrome
Down’s syndrome

Biology (6 decks)

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