Test 5 Review Sheet Flashcards
George McClellan
George McClellan was appointed on July 24 by Lincoln because of his attitude of attack and his success in early skirmishes in the West. He is also called the Young Napoleon by the Northern Newspapers. In 1862, McClellan was demoted to the Army of the Potomac, and replaced by General Henry Halleck as General-in-Chief. McClellan planned to invade Richmond, but was stopped waiting for reinforcement. He was surrounded, and lost the Seven Days’ Battle against Lee. McClellan was paranoid that Lincoln was trying to make them lose the war, but was replace by General John Pope.
Edwin M. Stanton
Lincoln appointed Edwin N. Stanton as secretary of War on January 15, 1862. Stanton was Lincoln’s bitterest enemy, but Lincoln wanted the best man for the war, which was Stanton. He was an outstanding war minister, equipping a huge army for a full-scale war.
Ulysses S. Grant
General Ulysses S. Grant was a general for the Union who was known for taking risks, and fighting aggressively. He captured Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Potomac on February 22, 1864 by Lincoln. They worked together to form a strategy to combat Lee, which was to wear him down. Grant outnumbered Lee two to one, and Grant was not afraid of wasting his army to win, which he was doing very well. On April 8, 1864, Grant sent a letter to Lee inviting him to come and discuss the South’s surrender. On April 9, 1864 at 3:45pm, the surrender document was signed with the conditions that all men keep their weapons and ammunitions, and all prisoners return to their homes.
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee was appointed the Supreme Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia on June 1, 1862, and continued to be the Supreme Commander until the end of the war. Lee fought ten major battles, winning six decisively, and losing only Gettysburg. His strategy was daring, and he succeeded in inspiring his men. Even after the war, Lee promoted peaceful reunion with the Union.
“Stonewall” Jackson
General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was a general on the side of the South, and was a very good General. He was Lee’s right hand man, and planned many battles with Lee. He was shot by friendly fire, accidentally, on May 2, and died soon after.
Cardinal Gibbons
Cardinal Gibbons was the Archbishop of Baltimore for 44 years. He was the first American bishop to become widely respected to anti-Catholic America. He was the bishop that, in 1887, wrote to Pope Leo XIII, with an argument for Labor Unions. At this time, the work conditions for many men, women, and children were deplorable. They were not getting paid enough, they were overworked, and they had the danger of losing their job without a good reason. Gibbons warned that with the help of the Church, these men and women would be driven to the Communists. Pope Leo XIII listened, and reversed his ban on joining Labor Unions for Catholics. He even wrote an encyclical titled, Rerum Novarum (“The Condition of the Working Class”), which set out moral principles for workers and work-providers.
Father De Smet
Father Pierre-Jean de Smet was arrived in the U.S. from Belgium in 1823, and he founded his first Indian mission, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1838. He travelled to many different tribes, converting them, and even established St. Mary’s Mission, the first permanent white settlement in Montana. The government asked him to be a peace negotiator many times, especially when the government was breaking their treatise with the Indians, and all the Indian tribes respected Father de Smet. He compiled a list of grievances in 1867 to send to the government as the representative of the Indians, and a treaty was formed that the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians would give up their hunting grounds, but could stay on the Black Hills land. The Second Sioux war broke out because the Government broke their treaty again, but Father de Smet did not live to see the end of it. He died on May 23, 1873 peacefully in his sleep.
The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was the name given to the last third of the 19th century, because many families built highly ornate palatial mansions.
Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment was passed in June, 1866, which defined national citizen shop to include Negroes, denied national office to Confederate leaders, and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The last part of this clause is the most important item from the Fourteenth Amendment, and because of the vagueness of the wording, has been interpreted to justify abortion by a Supreme Court Judge.
The Battle Hymn of the Republic
The Battle Hymn of the Republic was written by Julia Ward Howe when she visited a Union camp in 1861. It was first published by the Atlantic Journal in February, 1862.
Explain how the Battle of Chancellorsville was an “absolute masterpiece.”
The Battle of Chancellorsville was an absolute masterpiece thought up by general Hooker in the spring of 1863. IT was a plan to beat Lee and his army, and appeared foolproof. The plan was for Hooker to lead 120,000 soldiers up the river, crossing the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers 20 or 25 miles north of Fredericksburg, VA, and march South onto Lee’s left flank. Meanwhile, Hooker would send two forces as decoys crossing lower down the river to distract Lee. Lee fell for the decoys, and directed his forces to them while Hooker and the main fleet marched down and surrounded Lee. Lee then divided his force with 40,000 men going to Chancellorsville. He further divided his forces, and sent 25,000 men to loop around the back of Hookers army. Lee and his men fought Hooker ferociously, and Hooker ordered a retreat despite his huge army.
Summarize the Battle of Gettysburg. Why did the South Lose? What were the results of the Battle?
Lee invaded the North, and near the town of Gettysburg, a skirmish broke out between some of Lee’s men, and a Union patrol on June 30, 1863. Lee immediately took command and ordered more troops, and the Confederates captured 5000 prisoners. He directed General Ewell to take Culp’s hill, and then move to Cemetery Ridge. Ewell took Culp’s hill, but then did not move onto Cemetery Ridge because he was not used to making his own decisions. Longstreet, who was supposed to deliver a blow to the Union force, waited for no reason. Cemetery Ridge was still not take by July 2, so the Lee ordered Longstreet to take it, but he was no where to be found, and when he was found, he waited forty more minutes before moving. Hood’s division start a flanking movement, but he say Little Round Top, a hill that had huge strategic value. They began to move up the hill at almost the same instant that the 20th Maine Division started moving up the hill. The Maine Division got to the top first, and never gave an inch. After two more days of fighting, the Confederates still had not outflanked the Union armies on the left nor the right. Lee planned an artillery barrage for July 3, but when it started at 1:00, the Union army returned the artillery with greater force. The Confederates did not have enough ammunition to continue the bombardment because Longstreet failed, again, at doing his task of securing ammunition. At 2:00, Pickett, under Longstreet, took command of the 15,000 men and charged. They were shot at directly by the Union artillery, and men were dying constantly. They then broke into a run and broke through the line, but a counter-charge killed or captured the few men that had survived the march through the artillery fire. The South lost because of the failure to press the advantage, whether it was Ewell’s inability to make his own decisions, or Longstreet’s skulking, delaying, and being missing on the battlefield during a battle. The South lost many soldiers that would not be able to be replaced.
