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Bio 141 > Test #5 (final) > Flashcards

Test #5 (final) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestive system

A

process food, extract nutrients and eliminates waste

“Disassembly line”

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

intake of food

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3
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food

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4
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients

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5
Q

egestion

A

elimination of undigested food

motility and secretion

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6
Q

digestive tube (4 layers)

A

mucosa- secretion
submucosa- secretion (nervous tissue)
muscularis-motility (nervous tissue)
serosa- outer connective covering

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7
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva that help with the process

salivary amylase

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8
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing (pharynx and esophagus)

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9
Q

peristalsis

A

muscle contractions

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10
Q

stomach

A

food storage- 4 liters of food
mechanical digestion- grinding and pulverizing action
initial chemical digestion-primarily proteins
rugae- mucosa
muscular- 3 layers of cells

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11
Q

gastric pits

A

split into 2 or 3 gastric glands
1. mucous red cells secrete mucous
2.chief cells secrete pepsinogen
3. parietal cells secrete Hydrochloric acid
4. Enteroendocrine secrete release hormones
decreases pH
gastrin-stimulates parietal cells to release HCL and chief cells to release pepsinogen
histamine- release of acid
5. Chyme enters small intestine

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12
Q

duodenum

A

pancreatic juices./bile enter here

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13
Q

Surface area

A 
increase absorption of nutrients
1. circular ridges (folds of tissue)
2. Villi/villus 
3. microvilli
mucosa layer- crypts similar to pit
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14
Q

gastric inhibiting peptide

A

inhibit stomach function and promote insulin release

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15
Q

secretin

A

stimulate pancreas and liver, inhibit parietal cells

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16
Q

CCk

A

inhibits stomach, stimulate pancreas, liver and gallbladder

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17
Q

pancreas

A

release of juices- parasympathetic system and CCK and secretin

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18
Q

Liver/gallbladder

A 
produces bile
bile salts- digestion
Fat emulsification 
globin= reusable protein
heme= broken down into iron and bilirubin 
bilirubin- toxic
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19
Q

GNC

A

gastric neuronal circuits

reflexes that stay within the digestive system

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20
Q

Cephalic stage

A

cause sight smell and thought of food
response- increase secretion in stomach
increase muscle contractions

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21
Q

Gastric pahse

A

food enters stomach
Afferent: mechanoreceptors
efferent: target secretions+muscle
response: increase in secretions, muscle contraction

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22
Q

Intestinal phase

A 
food entering into small intestine
Afferent: mechanoreceptors sense stretch
efferent: neurons that target secretion
response:decrease in secretions
increase in intestinal secretions
muscle contraction in small intestine
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23
Q

Heptatic portal system

A

nutrients go to liver

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24
Q

portal system

A

2 capillary beds- villus and liver

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25
Q

Endocrine system

A

chemical messages

slower, indirect communication

26
Q

nervous system

A

electrical and chemical signals

fast, direct communication

27
Q

endocrine gland

A

secrete hormone into blood stream

28
Q

exocrine

A

require a duct(tube) to transport secretions

29
Q

hormones

A

steroid or protein

30
Q

steriod

A

made from cholesterol

testosterone and estrogen

31
Q

protein

A

polar and anionic

insulin and amino acids

32
Q

Path of hormone

A
  1. hormone travels through blood stream
    gland to tissue
  2. tissue is determined by special receptors
    plasma membrane (hydrophilic)
    cytoplasm (hydrophobic)
    3,4,5. receptors turn on/off gene expression
    receptor complex must be deactivated when finished
    NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
33
Q

pancreas

A

both exocrine and endocrine
exocrine-pancreatic juices
endocrine- hormones

34
Q

insulin

A

related when increased blood pressure

uptake glucose

35
Q

glucagon

A

released when low blood glucose

stimulates release of stored glucose

36
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

auto immune system

no insulin

37
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin insensitivity

38
Q

large intestine

A

about 1.5 meters long

takes about 9L of water

39
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates endocrine organs
anterior- synthesis own hormones
regulated by hypothalamus
posterior- secretes horses from hypothalamus

40
Q

hypothalamic neurons

A

produce hormones

RH to H1 to H2 which causes a change in target tissue

41
Q

ovary

A

follicular cells, oocytes, blood vessels and tissue

42
Q

ovulation

A

LH and must occur in uterine tube

43
Q

corpus luteum

A

cells become yellow and cholesterol goes into progesterone

LH

44
Q

Uterus

A

which muscular chamber
myometrium- smooth
endometrium- cell division and growth to prepare for pregnancy

45
Q

menstruation

A

shed every month if not pregnant

46
Q

birth control

A

low levels of estrogen and progesterone

prevents signals for egg to mature

47
Q

cervix

A

entry point of uterus

48
Q

mucous

A

thick before ovulation
prevent sperm from entering
thin after ovulation
host to HPV

49
Q

Vagina

A

muscular canal

receive sperm and egg

50
Q

vaginal rugae

A

stimulate the penis

51
Q

Male repro

A

tubes-epididymis, vas deferens, urethra

glands- seminal vesicle and prostate

52
Q

3 types of cells

A

interstitial- between the tubules
germ cells- divide and become sperm
sustentacular- protect the germ cell

53
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  1. spermatogenic
  2. sustentacular cells surround developing sperm
  3. spermatogonium travels towards lumen
    undergoes meiosis
  4. mature sperm develops flagellum and loses its cytoplasm
54
Q

FSH

A

stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP

55
Q

LH

A

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

56
Q

ABP

A

androgen binding peptide- transport testosterone

57
Q

epididymis

A

sperm maturation and storage

58
Q

vas deferens

A

tube that carries sperm to urethra

59
Q

seminal vesicle

A

causes sperm to stick to walls of vagina

60
Q

prostate gland

A

break down seminal vesicle fluid to sperm can swim

61
Q

Bulhourethral gland

A

liquid to preejaculatory

62
Q

penis

A

3 cylinders of erective tissue

smooth muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels

Bio 141 (3 decks)

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