Test #5 (final)

Question 1

Digestive system

Answer 1

process food, extract nutrients and eliminates waste

“Disassembly line”

Question 2

Ingestion

Answer 2

intake of food

Question 3

digestion

Answer 3

breakdown of food

Question 4

absorption

Answer 4

uptake of nutrients

Question 5

egestion

Answer 5

elimination of undigested food

motility and secretion

Question 6

digestive tube (4 layers)

Answer 6

mucosa- secretion
submucosa- secretion (nervous tissue)
muscularis-motility (nervous tissue)
serosa- outer connective covering

Question 7

salivary glands

Answer 7

produce saliva that help with the process

salivary amylase

Question 8

deglutition

Answer 8

swallowing (pharynx and esophagus)

Question 9

peristalsis

Answer 9

muscle contractions

Question 10

stomach

Answer 10

food storage- 4 liters of food
mechanical digestion- grinding and pulverizing action
initial chemical digestion-primarily proteins
rugae- mucosa
muscular- 3 layers of cells

Question 11

gastric pits

Answer 11

split into 2 or 3 gastric glands
1. mucous red cells secrete mucous
2.chief cells secrete pepsinogen
3. parietal cells secrete Hydrochloric acid
4. Enteroendocrine secrete release hormones
decreases pH
gastrin-stimulates parietal cells to release HCL and chief cells to release pepsinogen
histamine- release of acid
5. Chyme enters small intestine

Question 12

duodenum

Answer 12

pancreatic juices./bile enter here

Question 13

Surface area

Answer 13

increase absorption of nutrients
1. circular ridges (folds of tissue)
2. Villi/villus 
3. microvilli
mucosa layer- crypts similar to pit

Question 14

gastric inhibiting peptide

Answer 14

inhibit stomach function and promote insulin release

Question 15

secretin

Answer 15

stimulate pancreas and liver, inhibit parietal cells

Question 16

CCk

Answer 16

inhibits stomach, stimulate pancreas, liver and gallbladder

Question 17

pancreas

Answer 17

release of juices- parasympathetic system and CCK and secretin

Question 18

Liver/gallbladder

Answer 18

produces bile
bile salts- digestion
Fat emulsification 
globin= reusable protein
heme= broken down into iron and bilirubin 
bilirubin- toxic

Question 19

GNC

Answer 19

gastric neuronal circuits

reflexes that stay within the digestive system

Question 20

Cephalic stage

Answer 20

cause sight smell and thought of food
response- increase secretion in stomach
increase muscle contractions

Question 21

Gastric pahse

Answer 21

food enters stomach
Afferent: mechanoreceptors
efferent: target secretions+muscle
response: increase in secretions, muscle contraction

Question 22

Intestinal phase

Answer 22

food entering into small intestine
Afferent: mechanoreceptors sense stretch
efferent: neurons that target secretion
response:decrease in secretions
increase in intestinal secretions
muscle contraction in small intestine

Question 23

Heptatic portal system

Answer 23

nutrients go to liver

Question 24

portal system

Answer 24

2 capillary beds- villus and liver

Question 25

Endocrine system

Answer 25

chemical messages | slower, indirect communication

Question 26

nervous system

Answer 26

electrical and chemical signals | fast, direct communication

Question 27

endocrine gland

Answer 27

secrete hormone into blood stream

Question 28

exocrine

Answer 28

require a duct(tube) to transport secretions

Question 29

hormones

Answer 29

steroid or protein

Question 30

steriod

Answer 30

made from cholesterol | testosterone and estrogen

Question 31

protein

Answer 31

polar and anionic | insulin and amino acids

Question 32

Path of hormone

Answer 32

1. hormone travels through blood stream gland to tissue 2. tissue is determined by special receptors plasma membrane (hydrophilic) cytoplasm (hydrophobic) 3,4,5. receptors turn on/off gene expression receptor complex must be deactivated when finished NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Question 33

pancreas

Answer 33

both exocrine and endocrine exocrine-pancreatic juices endocrine- hormones

Question 34

insulin

Answer 34

related when increased blood pressure | uptake glucose

Question 35

glucagon

Answer 35

released when low blood glucose | stimulates release of stored glucose

Question 36

type 1 diabetes

Answer 36

auto immune system | no insulin

Question 37

type 2 diabetes

Answer 37

insulin insensitivity

Question 38

large intestine

Answer 38

about 1.5 meters long | takes about 9L of water

Question 39

pituitary gland

Answer 39

regulates endocrine organs anterior- synthesis own hormones regulated by hypothalamus posterior- secretes horses from hypothalamus

Question 40

hypothalamic neurons

Answer 40

produce hormones | RH to H1 to H2 which causes a change in target tissue

Question 41

ovary

Answer 41

follicular cells, oocytes, blood vessels and tissue

Question 42

ovulation

Answer 42

LH and must occur in uterine tube

Question 43

corpus luteum

Answer 43

cells become yellow and cholesterol goes into progesterone | LH

Question 44

Uterus

Answer 44

which muscular chamber myometrium- smooth endometrium- cell division and growth to prepare for pregnancy

Question 45

menstruation

Answer 45

shed every month if not pregnant

Question 46

birth control

Answer 46

low levels of estrogen and progesterone | prevents signals for egg to mature

Question 47

cervix

Answer 47

entry point of uterus

Question 48

mucous

Answer 48

thick before ovulation prevent sperm from entering thin after ovulation host to HPV

Question 49

Vagina

Answer 49

muscular canal | receive sperm and egg

Question 50

vaginal rugae

Answer 50

stimulate the penis

Question 51

Male repro

Answer 51

tubes-epididymis, vas deferens, urethra | glands- seminal vesicle and prostate

Question 52

3 types of cells

Answer 52

interstitial- between the tubules germ cells- divide and become sperm sustentacular- protect the germ cell

Question 53

spermatogenesis

Answer 53

1. spermatogenic 2. sustentacular cells surround developing sperm 3. spermatogonium travels towards lumen undergoes meiosis 4. mature sperm develops flagellum and loses its cytoplasm

Question 54

FSH

Answer 54

stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP

Question 55

LH

Answer 55

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

Question 56

ABP

Answer 56

androgen binding peptide- transport testosterone

Question 57

epididymis

Answer 57

sperm maturation and storage

Question 58

vas deferens

Answer 58

tube that carries sperm to urethra

Question 59

seminal vesicle

Answer 59

causes sperm to stick to walls of vagina

Question 60

prostate gland

Answer 60

break down seminal vesicle fluid to sperm can swim

Question 61

Bulhourethral gland

Answer 61

liquid to preejaculatory

Question 62

penis

Answer 62

3 cylinders of erective tissue | smooth muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels