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Bio 141 > Test #4 > Flashcards

Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal Cavity/oral cavity

A

cleanse the air
humidify
warm

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

connection between nasal/oral cavity

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3
Q

Larynx

A

voice box/adams apple

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4
Q

esophagus

A

digestive system

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5
Q

epiglottis

A

helps cover trachea

prevents food from entering lungs

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6
Q

Rest of respiratory tract

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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7
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucous

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8
Q

lungs

A

located in thoracic cavity
each lung has a membrane pleura
surface=visceral pleura
inner=parietal pleura

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9
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

between membranes

prevents lungs from collapsing

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10
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

air pressure outside of body

Intrapulmonary- air pressure in lungs

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11
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

high to low pressure

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12
Q

Inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and lowers
increase in thoracic volume
pressure outside is greater than pressure inside

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13
Q

Passive exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up
thoracic volume decreases
pressure inside is greater than pressure outside
forced exhalation- abs are involved

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14
Q

Respiratory rate (f)

A

breathes/min (avg 15)

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15
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

gas inhaled during 1 breathe (avg 500 ml)

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16
Q

respiratory minute volume (Ve)

A

volume inhaled in 1 min

f x Vt

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17
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (Va)

A

air at the alveolar respiratory membrane per minute

f(Vt-Vd)

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a membrane

high to low

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19
Q

tonicity

A

amount of solute in a solution
Isotonic- same amount of solute
hypertonic- more solute
hypotonic- less solute

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20
Q

kidneys

A

remove metabolic wastes from the blood

alter pH and blood volume

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21
Q

Nephron

A

cellular, tube like structure
functional unit of the kidney
kidney to ureters to bladder to urethra

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22
Q

filtration

A

initial movement of molecules

blood and proteins can’t get in

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23
Q

reabsorption

A

nephron back to capillaries

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24
Q

secretion

A

capillary into nephron after filtration

remove metabolic waste

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25
urea
protein metabolism
26
uric acid
DNA metabolism
27
creatinine
protein metabolism
28
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
filtration
29
proximal convoluted tubule
secretion and reabsorption (PCT) passive + active transport reabsorb water, ions and glucose secretion of toxins
30
nephron loop (loop of henle)
``` secretion and reabsorption active transport to move NaCl into kidney medulla depending- permeable to water ascending- permeable to ions makes fluid salty ```
31
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
secretion and reabsorption secretion of any other wastes reabsorption of water and protein balances pH
32
collection duct
secretion and reabsorption | absorb more water (relies on gradient)
33
afferent arteriole
blood flow and glomerulus (capillary bed)
34
efferent arteriole
blood flow leaving glomerulus
35
peritubular capillaries
PCT and DCT | vasa recta capillaries
36
podocytes
feet like extensions in loop of Henle
37
Metabolic acidosis
too many protons
38
Metabolic Alkalosis
too few protons
39
Antidiuvetic Hormone
produced in pituitary gland because of dehydration | production of aquaporins
40
Glomerular filtration rate
nitrate per min (Avg 125ml/min) Based on: 1. Blood hydrostatic pressure 2. colloid osmotic pressure (solutes in the blood) 3. Capsular pressure (avg 10mmHg towards the Nephron) Too high- excessive urination, damage renal corpuscle Too low- inadequate filtration, build up of toxins KIDNEY FAILURE GFR up, Cardio down GFR down, Cardio Up
41
hormones
causes changes in the body
42
JGA
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (monitory GFR)
43
Juxtaglomerular cells
afferent arteriole | secrete renin in response to macula dense cells
44
Macula densa cells
``` distal convoluted tubule monitors urine in DCT 1. GFR down, filtrate speed down 2. filtrate down, NaCl reabsorption up 3. Filtrate becomes more 4. JG cells relate renin ```
45
Process of hormones
``` kidney- renin- activates angiotensinogen (precursor- liver)- angiotensin 1- angiotensin 2 (by lungs) thirst (hypothalamus), vasoconstriction, sodium+water retention (aldosterone) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- hypothalamus to kidneys ```
46
Aquaporins
more water reabsorption
47
lymphatic system
network of vessels that extend to all tissues of the body | Fluid recovery and site of immune cells
48
Capillary beds
diffusion and filtration high blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) BCOP (osmotic pressure)- goes back in
49
lymph nodes
house white blood cells
50
sinuses
lymph enters the node
51
capillaries
provide oxygen for the lymph
52
Lymph flow
interstitial fluid in capillaries to lymphatic capillaries to white blood cells in lymph nodes to blood steam
53
Composition of blood
formed elements- 45% - red/whie blood cells and platelets Plasma- 55% water, proteins (albumin-water balance) and nutrients
54
hematopoiesis
making white and red blood cells | bone marrow to thymus
55
stem cell
undifferentiated | does not have a specific function
56
RBC is low
tissues become oxygen deficient (hypoxia) liver and kidney cells sense decrease in oxygen - release erythropoietin (red) (stimulates RBC production) NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
57
Spleen
filters dying blood cells
58
White blood cells (leukocytes)
1. phagocytosis- engulf a pathogen 2. pathogen- presentation (show immune system a foreign invader is attacking the body) 3. Kill pathogen 4. produce antibodies 5. mediating other responses (inflammation, fever)
59
Antigens
generate antibodies | "self antigens" don't trigger a response
60
blood types
describe antigens in our RBCs A, B, Rh Rh- either + or -
61
nonspecific defenses
``` attack any pathogen external barriers (mucus membranes) phagocytic cells (macrophage cells engulfs pathogen) ```
62
Tc and Th cells
Class 2- engulf foreign antigens | Class 1- get killed (cytotoxic)
63
Type 1
body cells (bladder/kidney) "please kill me" bacteria inside cytoplasm Cytotoxic T cells
64
Type 2
``` macrophages "hey, look what I found" engulf anything they find release cytokines Helper T cells ```
65
cytokines
go to type 1, non specific or B cells to help out
66
B cells
direct binding to antigens 1. pathogen binds to antibody on surface - B cell engulfs pathogen and presents antigen 2. Bind Th cell (costimulation) - Prevents accidental activation
67
Plasma cells
goes to antibodies
68
Agglutination
antibodies interact with antigens bacteria clumps together (easier to engulf by macrophages) prevent pathogens from infecting cells
69
Memory T cells
stored in lymph nodes faster response creates IMMUNITY

Bio 141 (3 decks)

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