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Bio 141 > Test #4 > Flashcards

Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal Cavity/oral cavity

A

cleanse the air
humidify
warm

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

connection between nasal/oral cavity

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3
Q

Larynx

A

voice box/adams apple

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4
Q

esophagus

A

digestive system

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5
Q

epiglottis

A

helps cover trachea

prevents food from entering lungs

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6
Q

Rest of respiratory tract

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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7
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucous

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8
Q

lungs

A

located in thoracic cavity
each lung has a membrane pleura
surface=visceral pleura
inner=parietal pleura

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9
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

between membranes

prevents lungs from collapsing

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10
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

air pressure outside of body

Intrapulmonary- air pressure in lungs

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11
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

high to low pressure

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12
Q

Inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and lowers
increase in thoracic volume
pressure outside is greater than pressure inside

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13
Q

Passive exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up
thoracic volume decreases
pressure inside is greater than pressure outside
forced exhalation- abs are involved

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14
Q

Respiratory rate (f)

A

breathes/min (avg 15)

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15
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

gas inhaled during 1 breathe (avg 500 ml)

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16
Q

respiratory minute volume (Ve)

A

volume inhaled in 1 min

f x Vt

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17
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (Va)

A

air at the alveolar respiratory membrane per minute

f(Vt-Vd)

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a membrane

high to low

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19
Q

tonicity

A

amount of solute in a solution
Isotonic- same amount of solute
hypertonic- more solute
hypotonic- less solute

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20
Q

kidneys

A

remove metabolic wastes from the blood

alter pH and blood volume

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21
Q

Nephron

A

cellular, tube like structure
functional unit of the kidney
kidney to ureters to bladder to urethra

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22
Q

filtration

A

initial movement of molecules

blood and proteins can’t get in

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23
Q

reabsorption

A

nephron back to capillaries

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24
Q

secretion

A

capillary into nephron after filtration

remove metabolic waste

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25
Q

urea

A

protein metabolism

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26
Q

uric acid

A

DNA metabolism

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27
Q

creatinine

A

protein metabolism

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28
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

filtration

29
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

secretion and reabsorption (PCT)
passive + active transport
reabsorb water, ions and glucose
secretion of toxins

30
Q

nephron loop (loop of henle)

A 
secretion and reabsorption 
active transport to move NaCl into kidney medulla
depending- permeable to water
ascending- permeable to ions
makes fluid salty
31
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

secretion and reabsorption
secretion of any other wastes
reabsorption of water and protein
balances pH

32
Q

collection duct

A

secretion and reabsorption

absorb more water (relies on gradient)

33
Q

afferent arteriole

A

blood flow and glomerulus (capillary bed)

34
Q

efferent arteriole

A

blood flow leaving glomerulus

35
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

PCT and DCT

vasa recta capillaries

36
Q

podocytes

A

feet like extensions in loop of Henle

37
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

too many protons

38
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

too few protons

39
Q

Antidiuvetic Hormone

A

produced in pituitary gland because of dehydration

production of aquaporins

40
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

nitrate per min (Avg 125ml/min)
Based on:
1. Blood hydrostatic pressure
2. colloid osmotic pressure (solutes in the blood)
3. Capsular pressure (avg 10mmHg towards the Nephron)
Too high- excessive urination, damage renal corpuscle
Too low- inadequate filtration, build up of toxins
KIDNEY FAILURE
GFR up, Cardio down
GFR down, Cardio Up

41
Q

hormones

A

causes changes in the body

42
Q

JGA

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (monitory GFR)

43
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

afferent arteriole

secrete renin in response to macula dense cells

44
Q

Macula densa cells

A 
distal convoluted tubule
monitors urine in DCT
1. GFR down, filtrate speed down
2. filtrate down, NaCl reabsorption up
3. Filtrate becomes more 
4. JG cells relate renin
45
Q

Process of hormones

A 
kidney- renin- activates angiotensinogen (precursor- liver)- angiotensin 1- angiotensin 2 (by lungs)
thirst (hypothalamus), vasoconstriction, sodium+water retention (aldosterone)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- hypothalamus to kidneys
46
Q

Aquaporins

A

more water reabsorption

47
Q

lymphatic system

A

network of vessels that extend to all tissues of the body

Fluid recovery and site of immune cells

48
Q

Capillary beds

A

diffusion and filtration
high blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
BCOP (osmotic pressure)- goes back in

49
Q

lymph nodes

A

house white blood cells

50
Q

sinuses

A

lymph enters the node

51
Q

capillaries

A

provide oxygen for the lymph

52
Q

Lymph flow

A

interstitial fluid in capillaries to lymphatic capillaries to white blood cells in lymph nodes to blood steam

53
Q

Composition of blood

A

formed elements- 45%
- red/whie blood cells and platelets
Plasma- 55%
water, proteins (albumin-water balance) and nutrients

54
Q

hematopoiesis

A

making white and red blood cells

bone marrow to thymus

55
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated

does not have a specific function

56
Q

RBC is low

A

tissues become oxygen deficient (hypoxia)
liver and kidney cells sense decrease in oxygen
- release erythropoietin (red) (stimulates RBC production)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

57
Q

Spleen

A

filters dying blood cells

58
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  1. phagocytosis- engulf a pathogen
  2. pathogen- presentation (show immune system a foreign invader is attacking the body)
  3. Kill pathogen
  4. produce antibodies
  5. mediating other responses (inflammation, fever)
59
Q

Antigens

A

generate antibodies

“self antigens” don’t trigger a response

60
Q

blood types

A

describe antigens in our RBCs
A, B, Rh
Rh- either + or -

61
Q

nonspecific defenses

A 
attack any pathogen
external barriers (mucus membranes)
phagocytic cells (macrophage cells engulfs pathogen)
62
Q

Tc and Th cells

A

Class 2- engulf foreign antigens

Class 1- get killed (cytotoxic)

63
Q

Type 1

A

body cells (bladder/kidney)
“please kill me”
bacteria inside cytoplasm
Cytotoxic T cells

64
Q

Type 2

A 
macrophages
"hey, look what I found"
engulf anything they find
release cytokines 
Helper T cells
65
Q

cytokines

A

go to type 1, non specific or B cells to help out

66
Q

B cells

A

direct binding to antigens

  1. pathogen binds to antibody on surface
    - B cell engulfs pathogen and presents antigen
  2. Bind Th cell (costimulation)
    - Prevents accidental activation
67
Q

Plasma cells

A

goes to antibodies

68
Q

Agglutination

A

antibodies interact with antigens
bacteria clumps together (easier to engulf by macrophages)
prevent pathogens from infecting cells

69
Q

Memory T cells

A

stored in lymph nodes
faster response
creates IMMUNITY

Bio 141 (3 decks)

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