Test 5 Flashcards
Self-Efficacy
A person’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific outcomes.
Growth Mindset
Based on the belief that one’s abilities are not set in stone.
Fixed Mindset
Based on the belief that one’s abilities are set in stone.
Probability of Success - Self-Efficacy
Research question: Does having a growth mindset impact test results?
Activity: Learn a complex motor task.
Groups: The inherent group was told that the task measured an inherent aptitude.
The acquirable group was told that the task measured a learnable skill.
Results: The acquirable group excelled in self efficacy and actual performance.
The inherent group reacted more negatively to the task.
The acquirable group reacted more positively to the task.
Importance: Having a growth mindset is crucial to learning.
Probability of Success - Unprompted Elaboration
Research question: Can unsuccessful students improve their knowledge?
Activity: Invent a continuation of a statement.
Groups: A group of unsuccessful students invented a continuation of a statement.
Results: When they practiced, they improved significantly.
Importance: Academically unsuccessful populations are able to improve their skills.
Temporal Discounting
The further in the future something is, the less valuable it is.
Preference Reversal
Occurs when the value of both actions are equal.
Delay - Postponing Work
Research question: How does temporal discounting play out in decision making?
Activity: Hit a green or red button and receive food.
Groups: Pigeons that selected the green button pecked 5 times after 6 seconds.
Pigeons that selected the red button pecked more than 5 times after 20 seconds.
Results: The point at which the pigeons chose the red and green buttons at the same rate was when the pigeons needed to peck 30 times after selecting the red button.
The pigeons were willing to do 6 times the work if that work was delayed by 14 seconds.
Importance: future costs appear to be less relevant than immediate costs.
Delay - Preference Reversal
Research question: Does temporal discounting have the same magnitude on different time scales?
Activity: hit a green or red button and receive food.
Groups: Pigeons that selected the green button waited 2 seconds before eating for 2 seconds and waited either 30 seconds before eating for 2 seconds or 32 seconds before eating for 4 seconds.
Pigeons that selected the red button waited for 4 seconds before eating for 4 seconds and waited either 30 seconds before eating for 2 seconds or 32 seconds before eating for 4 seconds.
Results: The pigeons preferred the green button in condition A and the red button in condition B.
Importance: The decisions the pigeons made are proof of temporal discounting.
Delay - Appliances Study
Research question: How does temporal discounting play out in decision making?
Activity: Choose between a cheap, inefficient appliance and an expensive, efficient appliance.
Groups: Participants chose between a cheap, inefficient appliance and an expensive, efficient appliance.
Results: Participants chose the cheaper appliance over the expensive one.
Importance: future costs appear to be less relevant than immediate costs.
