Test 5 Flashcards
1
Q
The male urethra is _____ and protected from secretions and stool.
A
Long
2
Q
_____ surrounds the urethra and hypertrophies as men gets older
A
Prostate
3
Q
Prostate will narrow the _____ ______ and patient will likely end up with urinary retention and incontinence
A
urethral canal
4
Q
With prostate enlargement, urinary frequency may ______ and volume can be ______mL or less due to blockage.
A
increase; 100
5
Q
Which gender is more prone to UTIs and why?
A
Women due to the shorter urethra
6
Q
Prepuce clitoris is equivalent to what?
A
Foreskin in males
7
Q
Part of vagina that is made up of epidermis and hair
A
Labia majora
8
Q
Part of vagina that has characteristics of MM (thinner skin and darker colors)
A
Labia minora
9
Q
Glands found in the female vagina that promote lubrication
A
Bartholin’s glands
10
Q
True or False: Bartholin’s gland cysts are very common and recognizable
A
True
11
Q
Expected findings of vagina
A
Skin intact; mucous membranes are moist and uniform in colors with no lesions
12
Q
Skin color of penis should be
A
Uniform and appropriate to race/ethnicity
13
Q
True or False: Smegma is an abnormal finding on a penis assessment
A
False; it is a naturally secreted lubricant which is a normal finding
14
Q
What is prepuce?
A
Foreskin
15
Q
Urethra meatus should be located where on a penis?
A
The center of glans
16
Q
Where is the scrotum located?
A
Behind the penis
17
Q
Which teste is larger out of the two?
A
Left
18
Q
What can the testes do in response to termperature?
A
Retract
19
Q
True or False: The penis can retract as a defense mechanism
A
True
20
Q
What are the normal findings for the anus?
A
Tight closure, skin around anus is moist and darkened (appropriate for ethnicity), hair may be present
21
Q
What are abnormal findings for the anus?
A
Bleeding, redness, inflammation, lesions, fissures, or hemorrhoids
22
Q
A tear in the rectum or anus usually caused from mechanical trauma
A
Fissure
23
Q
A swollen, dilated vein in the anus that is often caused by increased abdominal pressure
A
Hemorrhoid
24
Q
How are hemorrhoids treated?
A
With comfort meds and steroid creams
25
How are Fissures treated?
Stool softeners and increased fluids
26
What is the medical term for a bladder infection?
Cystitis
27
Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis include:
Frequency, IBE, suprapubic pain/discomfort, cloudy urine (from WBCs), malodorous urine
28
What can cause genital yeast infection?
- Increased blood sugars
- Decreased Immune System
- Taking Antibiotics
29
What are signs and symptoms of yeast infection?
- Itching
- Pain
- Fissures (advanced form)
- Red, Flake, Red Papules
- Mass of Papules (Plaque)
30
Inflammation or infection of the rectal mucosa
Proctitis
31
Number one sign of proctitis
Pain
32
What causes proctitis?
- Chronic constipation
| - STDs (Chlamydia, Syphilis, and sometimes Gonorrhea)
33
How much does the anal mucosa measuring before joining the rectum?
2-5 cm (internally)
34
What is Type I of FGM (Female Genital Mutilation)?
Removal of the clitoris or clitoral hood
35
What is Type II of FGM (Female Genital Mutilation)?
Removal of clitoris and labia minora
36
What is Type III of FGM (Female Genital Mutilation)?
Narrowing of a vaginal opening with a covering seal (infibulation)
37
What is Type IV of FGM (Female Genital Mutilation)?
Any nonmedical procedure; pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, cauterizing
38
What is the most common STD in young adults?
Chlamydia
39
What is one of the key nursing goals in pediatrics to reduce traumatization?
Prevent/minimize separation
40
Name 5 nursing interventions used in pediatrics
1. Utilizing comfort positions
2. Comfort holds
3. Therapeutic hugging
4. Distraction methods
5. Utilizing autonomy
41
What do infants/toddlers like to do when having an assessment performed?
Sit on parent's lap
42
Preschoolers may want to inspect _______ prior to a medical procedure
equipment
43
Adolescents and teens prefer ______ during an assessment
Privacy
44
With younger teens, questions should be directed to who?
The parent or caregiver
45
With older teens, questions should be directed to who?
The teen
46
Which age group should invasive procedures be performed last?
Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers
47
At what point of the exam on a teen, should the genitalia be exposed?
Last (provide privacy!!!)
48
Increase in physical size
Growth
49
Sequential process of skill attainment
Development
50
Increased functionality of body systems or developmental skills
Maturation
51
- Compares children to other children of the same age and gender
- Normal genetic variation
- Sudden sustained changes require further investigation
Growth charts
52
What three things are plotted on a growth chart?
- Height
- Length
- Weight
- FOC (Frontal head circumference)
53
When should infants weight double?
By 4-6 months after birth
54
When should infants weight triple?
By 12 months
55
When should infants weight quadrupule?
By 4 years
56
How much weight should toddlers gain a year?
3-5 lbs
57
How many inches should a toddler grow per year?
3 inches
58
When does the anterior fontanel close?
9- 18 months
59
At what age is the head size proportional to the rest of the body?
3 years
60
What is the average weight of a preschooler (4 yrs old)?
41 lbs
61
How much weight should a preschooler gain each year?
4-5 lbs
62
At what point in school are girls and boys around the same height and weight?
Early school age
63
During later school age years, which gender is usually taller and weighs more?
Girls
64
What age does puberty begin in boys?
10-11
65
What age does puberty begin in girls?
9-10
66
What age does rapid physical growth take place second to infancy?
Adolescence
67
What does the patient demographics for a peds patient include?
- child's name
- nickname
- language child speaks
- birthdate
- gender
68
What is the chief complaint of a health history?
The general idea/reason that made the child come into the office today
69
Why is it important to look over family medical history for a pediatric patient?
Can predispose the child to health conditions
70
What is the functional history of a health history?
Asks about daily routines
71
What does the peds health history help assess
- If child is on track with milestones
- Functional history
- Daily routines
- Family composition, resources, health insurance, and home environment
72
Steps to a Complete Physical Health Assessment for a Peds Patient
1. Measure (Weight, length, head circum, vital signs)
2. Take General Survey
3. Physical Assessment
73
How long should respirations be counted for in a child <1 years old?
1 full min
74
How long should respirations be counted for in a child >1 years old?
30 seconds
75
What is LOC?
Level of Consciousness (Alert, Oriented, Ect)
76
When does the posterior fontanel close?
By 2 months of age
77
Peds patient will have abdominal respirations until what age?
7 years old
78
Peds patients will have ______ respirations > 7 years old.
Thoracic
79
PMI can be located here up until the age of 4
Left 3-4 ICS (medial of MCL)
80
PMI can be located here between ages 4-6
Left 4 ICS (MCL)
81
PMI can be located here at ages 7 and up
Left 5 ICS (MCL)
82
True or False: Sinus arrhythmias in an infant are normal
True
83
Apical pulse should be counted on a child less than 10 years old for how long?
1 full minute
84
What factors influence pediatric pain?
- Age
- Cognitive ability
- Previous pain experience
- Situational factors
- Gender
- Temperament
- Family and cultural background
85
What age group should the Wong-Baker FACES scale be used?
Ages 3+
86
What age group should the Oucher pain rating scale be used?
Ages 3+ (must know number values)
*These pictures include photos of children
87
What age group should the Poker Chip tool be used?
Ages 3+
| Uses 1-4 poker chips to describe pain
88
What age group should the Visual analog scale be used?
Ages 5+
89
What age group should the Numerical Scale be used?
Ages 5+
| Usually 8+ understand numerical order
90
What age group should the Adolescent Pediatric Pain tool be used?
Ages 8-15
| Measures pain location, intensity, and quality
91
What is the most appropriate pain assessment tool for adolescents?
Numeric Pain Scale
92
What must be used when discussing pain with pediatric patients?
Appropriate Language (Ex: toddlers may say "owie," preschoolers may need coaxed to talk about pain, teens may need educated on pain)
93
What scale is used for Neonates postoperative pain assessment?
CRIES scale
94
What behavioral scale is used for Young Children in postoperative pain?
FLACC scale
95
What behavioral scale can be used in children with cognitive delays?
FLACC scale
96
What does QUESTT stand for?
```
Question
Use reliable and valid pain scale
Evaluate behavior and physiological changes
Secure parent's involvement
Take cause of pain into account
Take action
```
97
What must be monitored when narcotics are administered?
Respirations
98
Where is skin turgor assessed on an infant?
Abdomen
99
What are signs of increased work of breathing in a pediatric patient?
- Retractions
- Nasal flaring
- Grunting
100
What is the normal RR for an infant?
30-53
101
What is the normal RR for a toddler?
22-37
102
What is the normal RR for a preschooler?
20-28
103
What is the normal RR for a school aged kid?
18-25
104
What is the normal RR for an adolescent?
12-20
105
What is the normal HR for a neonate?
100-205
106
What is the normal HR for an infant?
100-180
107
What is the normal HR for a toddler?
98-140
108
What is the normal HR for a preschooler?
80-120
109
What is the normal HR for a school aged child?
75-118
110
What is the normal HR for an adolescent?
60-100
111
What is the normal systolic rate for a newborn less than 12 hours old?
39-59
112
What is the normal systolic rate for a newborn more than 12 hours old?
60-76
113
What is the normal systolic rate for a neonate?
67-84
114
What is the normal systolic rate for an infant?
72-104
115
What is the normal systolic rate for a toddler?
86-106
116
What is the normal systolic rate for a preschooler?
89-112
117
What is the normal systolic rate for a school aged child?
97-115
118
What is the normal systolic rate for a preadolescent?
102-120
119
What is the normal systolic rate for an adolescent?
110-131
120
What is the normal diastolic rate for a newborn less than 12 hours old?
16-36
121
What is the normal diastolic rate for a newborn more than 12 hours old?
31-45
122
What is the normal diastolic rate for a neonate?
35-53
123
What is the normal diastolic rate for an infant?
37-56
124
What is the normal diastolic rate for a toddler?
42-63
125
What is the normal diastolic rate for a preschooler?
46-72
126
What is the normal diastolic rate for a school aged child?
57-76
127
What is the normal diastolic rate for a preadolescent?
61-80
128
What is the normal diastolic rate for an adolescent?
64-83
129
What is the final Erikson's stage?
Ego Integrity Vs Despair
130
What was the life expectancy for men and women in 1950?
Men-65
| Women-71
131
What is the average life expectancy for men and women today?
Men-75
| Women-81
132
What are the four stages of Cohen's Theory of Adult Development?
1. Midlife reevaluation (mid 30s-mid 60s)
2. Liberation (mid 50s-mid 70s)
3. Summing up (Late 60s to 80s)
4. Encore (Late 70s to end of life)
133
True or False: There is a clear reason as to why human systems break down or deteriorate
False
134
What are the four things Snyder from Stanford theorized about about ageotypes?
1. Metabolic (ie: diabetes)
2. Hepatic (ie: fatty liver disease)
3. Immunological (ie: autoimmune)
4. Nephrotic (ie: kidney disease)
135
Normal findings in an aged older individual?
- skin is thinner
- they may be more "cold"
- wrinkles
- wounds heal more slowly
- easier to bruise
- thinning hair
- facial hair unruly
136
What are acrochordan and where are they found?
Skin tags; intertriginous
137
What is solar lentigo?
Liver spots; hyperpigmented macules
138
Cherry hemangiomas
pinpoint red spots
139
Seborrheic keratosis
pigmented, waxy raised lesions; light tan to dark brown in color
140
Senile purpura
Ruptured fragile arteries; bruising of skin
141
Why do bones get weaker in aging?
Osteoclast activity more prominent than osteoblastic activity
142
What happens to muscles in aging?
Atrophy
143
What happens to joints in aging?
Stiffen
144
What part of femur is prone to fractures?
The neck
145
What bones of the body are especially prone to fractures in the elderly?
Radius, ulna, vertebrae, femur
146
True or False: Disorientation, confusion, and forgetfulness are all normal parts of aging
False
147
What are the 3 D's of neurological in aging patients?
1. Dementia
2. Delirium
3. Depression
148
What happens to the brain in aging?
Loses weight; gets smaller
149
What happens in the cardiovascular system of elderly people?
- Blood pressure increases
- Higher pulse pressure
- Arteries stiffen
150
What is the most common cardiovascular condition in the elderly population?
Atrial fibrillation
151
Frequency of heart attacks ______ with age
Increase
152
Why do older people have a higher risk of developing pneumonia?
Shallower breaths; MSK changes
153
What is called the "old man's friend?"
Pneumonia
154
How does thirst effect the elderly?
Decreased thirst=more increased mucus
| Chance for aspiration or pneumonia
155
Decreased _______ result in increased falls in the elderly
reflexes
156
What happens to neural cells in the CNS in the aging population?
They decrease
157
What cardiac conditions increase in the elderly population?
- Higher blood pressure
- Atrial fibrillation
- Heart failure
- Peripheral vascular disease (PAD)
158
What are GI changes in the elderly population?
- decrease peristalsis
- decrease nutrient absorption
- increased constipation
- abdomen greater fat deposition
- pernicious anemia
- food intolerances
159
When we get older, liver function decreases which results in:
1. poor absorption of medications
| 2. poor detox of blood
160
Signs and symptoms of frailty:
- increased fatigue
- unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting
- balance and gait impairments
- frequency of infections
- daily changes of ADLs
161
Snyder's ageotype states if one declines, what happens to the others?
They decline as well
162
All adults need a functional assessment when?
after serious illness or disability
163
What are the ADLs?
- toileting
- bathing
- eating
- moving in the environment
164
What are I-ADLs?
- driving
- shopping
- balancing a checkbook
- cleaning
- lawncare
165
How many seconds does a person need to complete the get up and go test?
10 seconds
