Test 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
What skeleton is compose of the head, vertebrae, ribs and sternum?
A
Axial
2
Q
What skeleton is compose of the upper and lower limbs, pelvis, clavicles, and scapulae?
A
Appendicular
3
Q
Involuntary movement that happens from a response
A
Reflex
4
Q
Movement within the skeletal system is typically ________
A
Voluntary
5
Q
What is the outermost layer of bone?
A
Compact bone
6
Q
What is the innermost layer of bone?
A
Trabecular bone
7
Q
What bone is more loosely packed and more porous?
A
Trabecular bone
8
Q
What bone is dense and compactly packed?
A
Compact bone
9
Q
What are the cells that build bone called?
A
Osteoblasts
10
Q
What are the cells that remove and remodel bone called?
A
Osteoclasts
11
Q
What are involved in the production of bone marrow and blood cells?
A
Long bones
12
Q
What bones allow motion to occur in more than one place?
A
Irregular/short bones
13
Q
Name 5 short bones
A
- talus
- navicular
- cuboid
- phalanx
- metacarpals
- calcaneus
- cuneiform
- metatarsals
- carpals
- phalanges
14
Q
What is two or more bones coming together called?
A
A joint
15
Q
What is stabilized by ligaments?
A
A joint
16
Q
A joint capsule that keeps the fluid in the joint
A
Synovial
17
Q
No fluid within the joint
A
Nonsynovial
18
Q
What type of joint is irregular and flat; found primarily in the skull?
A
Fused
19
Q
What type of joint is found in the shoulder and hip?
A
Ball and socket joint
20
Q
What types of joints are found in the elbow, finger, knees, and toes?
A
Hinge joints
21
Q
What type of joint is found in the wrists, ankles, hands, and feet?
A
Gliding joints
22
Q
What type of joint is primarily found in the vertebrae?
A
Plane
23
Q
What joint it is found primarily in the wrists?
A
Condyloid
24
Q
How many bones are in the vertebrae?
A
33 bones
12-thoracic; 7-cervical; 5-lumbar; 5-sacral; 1-coccyx
25
How many muscles are in the human body?
Over 600
26
Protects bones and helps circulate blood throughout the body.
Muscles
27
Type of muscle that is involuntarily controlled and self-contracting.
Cardiac
28
What type of muscle is responsible for contractile type of hollow organs?
Smooth muscle
29
What type of muscle is voluntarily controlled by the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
30
What type of joint movement is movement away from the midline?
Abduction
31
What type of joint movement is movement towards the midline?
Adduction
32
What type of joint movement is rotational movement away from the anatomical neutral?
Pronation
33
What type of joint movement is rotational movement toward the anatomical neutral?
Supination
34
What type of joint movement is moving away from the midline of the body?
Eversion
35
What type of joint movement is moving toward the midline of the body?
Inversion
36
What type of joint movement is the upward flexion of the foot?
Dorsiflexion
37
What type of joint movement is downward flexion of the foot?
Plantar flexion
38
What type of joint movement is moving toward the body?
Flexion
39
What type of joint movement is moving away from the body?
Extension
40
What type of joint movement is movement that raises a body part in its plant (ex: shoulder shrug)?
Elevation
41
What allows for the attachment of muscle to bone?
Tendon
42
What is injury to a tendon called?
Strain
43
What attaches bone to bone?
Ligament
44
What is injury to a ligament called?
Sprain
45
What are the 5 P’s?
- Pain
- Paralysis
- Paresthesia
- Pallor
- Pulselessness
46
What is the sequence of assessments for musculoskeletal assessment?
1. Inspection
2. Palpation
3. Assessing ROM
4. Assessing strength
47
Patient’s ability to ambulat
Gait
48
The type of gait where the leg swings across the midline; seen in cerebral palsy.
Scissor gait
49
The type of gait seen in Parkinson’s disease
Shuffling gait
50
What type of muscle is striated?
Voluntary (skeletal)
51
What are the components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
The brain and spine
52
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves
53
What are components of the autonomic system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (Vagus Nerve-Cranial to Body)
54
What do sensory nerves innervate?
Dermatomes
55
What do motor nerves innervate?
Myotomes
56
Which bones build red marrow which builds red blood cell production?
Long bones and flat bones
57
What is the purpose of skeletal muscles?
Movement, posture, and generate heat
58
What is the purpose of involuntary muscles?
Respiration, digestion, urination, birth, ect.
59
What is the best way to determine how a joint should move?
Move your own
60
The communication between the periphery of the body and the brain.
Spinal nerves
61
What coordinates activities of the organs and glands with the center of the brain?
Autonomic function
62
What balances the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
The feedback loop
63
Arc through the spinal cord for a faster reaction to protect extremities?
Deep tendon reflex
64
What is the normal stride length?
1.5 m
65
What is normal gait characterized by?
Alternate steps and contra lateral arm swing
66
What causes a limp?
Muscle weakened, joint stiffness, injury, or chronic malformation
67
What is neurologically generated unsteady gait?
Ataxia
68
In a normal posture, the spine should be _____.
Straight
69
What is the lateral curve of the spine called?
Scoliosis
70
What is the exaggerated curve of the lower back called?
Lordosis
71
What is the upper back spine forward and head tilted up called?
Kyphosis
72
What causes kyphosis?
Old age and osteoporosis
73
What in the spine with palpation may indicate injury, inflammation, or displaced vertebrae?
Tenderness
74
What is the muscle strength grading scale?
0- no muscle; no twitch
1- muscle twitch; slight movement
2- muscle contracts/expensed when weight of joint is supported
3-move against gravity
4- move against some resistance through entire range
5- move against full resistance
75
What are autonomic functions of the PNS?
Heart rate, respirations, bowel motility, urinary bladder function
76
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is what kind of genetic disorder?
X linked
77
Give an example of a familial nerve disorder
Amotropic lateral sclerosis
78
What is the thin layer of stratus, corneum and melanocytes called?
Epidermis
79
What is the majority of skin; often shiny and pink?
Dermis
80
What is the conduit for circulation, nerves and glands?
Subcutaneous tissue
81
What is the intertriginous area?
The area where skins rubs together (axilla and genital areas)
82
What three things are important to know when assessing skin?
- Color
- Temperature
- Texture
83
Where are two of the BEST indications for vascularity in the skin?
Eyes and mouth
84
Pallor
White
85
Cyanosis
Blue (due to low oxygen; hypoxia)
86
Jaundice
Yellow
87
Where can jaundice best be seen?
In the sclera of the eye or hard palate of the mouth
88
How should temperature be taken?
Back of fingers
89
_________ is better than terminology
Descriptor
90
Primary lesions are what kind of changes?
Changes within a person
91
Reactions to the external or internal environment?
Primary lesions
92
A flat, nonpalpable lesion that is usually red, brown, or white in color?
Macule
93
A normal macule should be how large?
Less than 0.5 cm
94
A bunch of macules that have joined together (visible but not palpable)
Patch
95
A patch should be how large?
Greater than 1 cm
96
A solid, elevated lesion that has a rough texture (ex: a mole)
Papule
97
A papule should be how large?
No bigger than 0.5 cm
98
Multiple papules closely grouped together is called
Plaque
99
A rash of bumps that are surrounded by macules (usually inflammed and can be minor/major)
Maculopapular rash
100
A raised lesion filled with blood or fluid
Vesicle
101
How large should a vesicle be?
No bigger than 0.5 cm
102
What is a very large blister referred to as?
Bola
103
A very small lesion that is filled with pus, often due to an infection?
Pustule
104
A pustule should be how large?
No bigger than 0.5 cm
105
A larger, elevated/encapsulated lesion that is deeper in the tissue and has a thicker layer of skin covering it
Cyst
106
A cyst should be how large?
Bigger than 1 cm
107
A small solid mass
Nodule
108
How large should a nodule be?
Less than 0.5 cm
109
Large solid mass than can be malignant or benign?
Tumor
110
How large should a tumor be?
Bigger than 1 cm
111
What type of rash is associated with an allergic reaction?
Wheals
112
Puritis
Severe itching
113
Occurs when the skin is already affected by a primary lesion?
Secondary lesion
114
A hollow crusted area where the epidermis is los and the dermis is exposed; caused by friction (scratching)
Excoriation
115
Moist, shiny, usually red depressed area where the epidermis is usually worn away by the infection (usually a fungus)- there may be itching and pain associated with it
Erosion
116
The skin begins to wrinkle and lose its color due to hyper hydration due to water exposure (happens when the moisture is trapped against the skin—think a bandaid!)
Maceration
117
What is a mole referred to as?
Nevi (Nevus)
118
What is the normal color variation for a mole?
Red, brown, black
119
How many nevi (moles) do people commonly have on their bodies?
10-40
120
What is the mnemonic to evaluate a mole?
ABCDE
121
What is the ABCDE mnemonic?
```
A-Asymmetry
B-Borders
C-Color
D-Diameter
E-Evolving (Elevation)
```
122
Moles should be what size?
Less than 6 mm
123
Fine hair that covers the body
Vellus
124
Thick, pigmented hair that can be found on the scalp, axillae or pubic area
Terminal area
125
Terminal hair is controlled by
Hormones
126
______ hair can turn to _____ hair.
Vellus; Terminal
127
Hair does not grow where?
Mucous membranes or behind the ears or soles of hands or feet
128
Familial trait of hair loss from scalp
Male patterned baldness
129
Hair Loss
Alopecia
130
Hair loss in patches secondary to an autoimmune disease
Alopecia arrested
131
Loss of all hair on the body
Alopecia Universalis
132
Hormonal determined male-patterned hair grown in women; excess androgens
Hirsutism
133
What are the primary techniques to assess nails?
Inspection and palpation
134
Red, swollen, and tender tissue surrounding the nail
Paronychia
135
Yellow, thickened rough-textured nails usually r/t fungus
Onchomyosis
136
A condition in the nails typically related to vascular disease, diabetes, or old age
Onchomyosis
137
What are the systems in the peripheral vascular assessment?
1. Arterial
2. Venous
3. Lymphatic
138
What system carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?
Arterial
139
The arterial system consists of how many layers?
3
140
What are three ways the arterial system can be assessed?
1. Temperature of skin
2. Locating/Grading of pulses
3. Measuring blanching/capillary refill
141
Assess the temporal pulse for ________
Temperature
142
Asses the carotid to assess ________
Circulation to the brain
143
Assess the brachial pulse for _______
Blood pressure
144
Assess the radial pulse for ________
Heart rate
145
Assess the ulnar pulse for ________
Perfusion of the hand if the radial is occluded
146
The femoral artery is used for _______
Large artery cannulation during emergencies
147
The popliteal artery is used for ______
Blood pressure in the thigh
148
What is the scale used to grade a pulse?
0-3
0: absent
1: weak
2: normal
3. Bounding
149
What is the most common grade of the pulse?
2+
150
The amount of time it takes for the blood to refill in the capillary bed after gentle pressure pushes all the blood out
Capillary refill
151
What is the expected capillary refill time
Less than 3 seconds
152
Where is the capillary refill performed on?
Fingernails or toenails
153
Measures the same thing as capillary refill except not on a fingernail or toenail.
Blanching
154
What is blanching useful for?
- Checking perfusion of the tissues
| - Determining if an area is temporarily inflammed or pressure wound
155
What happens to the skin with poor arterial circulation?
- thinner
- more translucent
- shiny
156
What happens to the hair in poor arterial circulation?
- scarce
| - absent
157
What happens to the nails in poor arterial circulation?
- discolored
- misshaped
- thickened
158
Carries deoxygenated blood from the arterial capillary beds back to the central circulation
Veins
159
Which vein carries oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
160
Larger veins have ______
Valves
161
True or False: Smaller veins called venules have valves.
False
162
Contraction of what muscles help move venous blood against gravity out of the lower extremities?
Leg and thigh skeletal muscles
163
Directly accepts the venous return from the arms, head, neck, and upper trunk.
Right atrium of the heart
164
Accepts the venous return from the lower extremities and lower trunk and then to the right atrium?
Inferior vena cava
165
How many valves are in the inferior vena cava?
None
166
What skin changes a occur due to poor venous circulation?
- discolored purple or brown
- itching
- pinpoint scars
167
Skin changes with venous insufficiency are related to:
Stasis of the blood
168
What happens to the hair due to venous insufficiency?
Hair growth is normal
169
What happens with the nails due to venous insufficiency?
- thickened
| - discolored
170
What is common in the lower extremities with venous insufficiency?
Edema or fluid accumulation
171
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
- Lymphatic vessels
| - Lymph nodes
172
What carries lymph?
Lymphatic vessels
173
What is responsible for the lymphocyte production to clean up bacteria in the blood stream and interstitial tissue?
Lymph nodes
174
What are the same structure as veins?
Lymph vessels
175
_________ capillaries are intertwined around venous and arterial capillaries.
Lymphatic
176
Picks up excess fluid and protein molecules from subcutaneous tissue
Lymph capillaries
177
This duct drains:
- the right side of the head and neck
- right arm
- right side of thorax
- right lung and pleura
- right side of heart
- right upper section of the liver
Right lymphatic duct
178
This duct drains:
| -the rest of the head, neck, torso, left arm, and lower extremities into the left subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
179
The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct both dump where?
Into a subclavian vein
180
Where is lymphatic tissue found? (Name 5)
- thorax
- thymus
- abdomen
- bone marrow
- pharynx
- appendix
- tonsils
- spleen
- adenoids
- Peyer’s patches
181
What is a normal result for assessment of the lymphatic system?
Nothing found
182
If a lymph node is found, what are its limits?
Less than 1 cm
Soft
Mobile
183
Nodes larger than 1 cm, should be assessed after how long?
1 month
184
Edema in the dependent parts of the body is typically an indication of what problem?
Lymphatic
185
Unilateral edema is usually caused by what?
Thrombosis
186
How is edema graded?
How deep of a dent left in the tissue and how long the dent lasts
187
What is the grading scale for edema?
1- 2 mm of pitting that disappears rapidly
2-4 mm of pitting that disappears within 10-15 seconds
3- 6 mm of depression that lasts more than 1 min
4- 8 mm of depression that lasts 2-3 min
188
What are 3 reasons for severe lymph edema?
- Heart failure
- Reaction to chemo/radiation
- Inflammation due to cellulitis
