Test #4 & Lab Test #2

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Two principal parts (location & function) (ESSAY QUESTION)

Answer 24

Two principal parts
—CNS - sensory
——–brain and spinal cord; integration & control center
——–Interprets sensory inputs & dictates motor output
—PNS - motor
——-outside of the skull and vertebrae - spinal & cranial nerves
——-communication lines between CNS and the rest of the body

Two functional divisions
—Afferent - sensory/CNS
—Efferent - motor/PNS

Question 25

Neuroglia cells (ESSAY QUESTION***)

Answer 25

Two types of cells
—Neurons - excitable cells that transmit electrical signals; extreme longevity
—Neuroglial - non-excitable cells, protection

CNS
—Oligodendrocyte - forms myelin; cannot regenerate
—Microglial - immunity, transform to phagocyte microorganisms and neuronal debris
——-Immune system is denied access to CNS
—Astrocytes (perivascular feet) - blood brain barrier, most abundant
——-Support and brace neurons
——-Plays a role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
——-Guide migration of young neurons to form synapses
——-Control chemical environment around neurons
—Ependymal (cilated) - lining ventricles (central cavities of the brain and spinal column) and circulates CSF

PNS
—Schwann cells - form myelin similar to oligodendrocytes; vital to regeneration
——-Neurilemma - outermost layer of Schwann cell
—Satellite cell - similar to astrocytes

Question 26

Ependymal cell (ESSAY QUESTION)

Answer 26

CNS neuroglia cell - cilated, lining ventricles (central cavities of the brain and spinal column) and circulates CSF

Question 27

What type of sensory neuron (structural classification) is found in the reflex arc? Where is the cell body located?

Answer 27

Pseudo-unipolar found in the reflex arc; in the DRG

Question 28

What type of neuron activates an effector?

Answer 28

Motor

Question 29

How many neurons from spinal cord to effector organ?

Answer 29

Autonomic nerve to involuntary muscles and glands (two nerves), somatic nerve to voluntary (one nerve)

Question 30

Which neurons have cell bodies inside the spinal cord in the reflex arc?

Answer 30

Association & motor

Question 31

Which neuron lies entirely in the CNS?

Answer 31

Association

Question 32

Describe the cerebrum, cerebellum & brain stem (ESSAY QUESTION)

Answer 32

Largest hemisphere; known as the “executive suite”, involved in higher processing
Four subdivisions (names and functions of each)
—Frontal lobe - motor, intelligence, abstract thinking
—Parietal lobe - general sensation
—Temporal lobe - auditory
—Occipital lobe - vision

Cerebellum - coordination and balance

Brain stem - automatic behaviors for survival
—Midbrain - optic and auditory reflex
—Pons - diaphragm respiration
—MO - heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure

Question 33

Visceral vs. simple reflex arc (ESSAY QUESTION)

Answer 33

Same five steps throughout

1) The sensory neurons travel together; both go to dorsal horn; pseudo-unipolar and located in the DRG in each
2) In the simple arc the motor neuron is singular and comes from the ventral horn
3) In the visceral arc the motor neuron is doubled: preganglionic coming from the lateral horn, and postganglionic outside of the spinal cord

Question 34

Five components of the simple reflex arc (and visceral) (ESSAY QUESTION)

Answer 34

1) Receptor (in viscera)
2) Sensory neuron (visceral sensory neuron)
3) Integration center
4) Motor neuron (two-neuron chain; pre- and post-ganglionic)
5) Effector (visceral effector)

Question 35

Plexuses (ESSAY QUESTION)

Answer 35

1) Cervical C1-C4 - phrenic (diaphragm/respiratory)
2) Brachial C5-T1 - median (carpal tunnel), radial (wrist drop), ulna (“funny bone”)
3) Lumbar L1-L4 - femoral (quadriceps), obturator (adductors)
4) Sacral L4-S4 - sciatic (tibial and common fibular [common peroneal] foot drop)

Question 36

Two regions of a neuron

Answer 36

—Cell body: clusters: nucleus (CNS), ganglion (PNS)
—Myelinated axons: clusters: tracts (CNS), nerves (PNS)

Question 37

Answer 37