Test 4 Final

Question 1

The information processing approach shares what with Vygotsky and Piaget?

Answer 1

• Focuses on how people think
• Rejected Skinner’s behavioral approach

Question 2

What processes are required for effective information processing?

Answer 2

Attention, Memory, and Thinking

Question 3

What process gets information into memory?

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

Metacognition?

Answer 4

Thinking about thinking or knowing about knowing

Question 5

What three processes are required for memory?

Answer 5

• Encoding: getting info into memory
• Storage: retaining info over time
• Retrieval: taking into out of storage

Question 6

How does memory retrieval change information?

Answer 6

Because we fill in the gaps. We mold memories to fit information that already exists in our minds.

Question 7

Schema Theory?

Answer 7

People mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds

Question 8

Infantile Amnesia?

Answer 8

Most adults can remember little, if anything from the first 3 years of life. Immaturity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Question 9

What growing areas of the brain enable a 2 year old’s conscious memories to improve over their second year?

Answer 9

• Hippocampus
• Prefrontal cortex

Question 10

Executive Function?

Answer 10

An umbrella like function that encompasses a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex.

Question 11

What is mindfulness?

Answer 11

Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible

Question 12

Critical Thinking?

Answer 12

Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
deeper meaning of ideas, keeping open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and deciding for oneself what to believe or do

Question 13

What areas impact an adolescent’s decisions to engage in risk taking behaviors?

Answer 13

In contexts where alcohol, drugs, and other temptations are readily available. Presence of peers increases likelihood of making risky decisions.

Question 14

Concept of “use it or lose it”?

Answer 14

Changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.

Question 15

Strategies for improving cognitive skills in old age?

Answer 15

• Reading books
• Doing crosswords
• Attending concerts/ lectures
• Physical fitness can also improve cognitive functioning

Question 16

Theory of Mind?

Answer 16

Awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others

Question 17

Leading cause of death in children?

Answer 17

Accidents

Question 18

Impact of poor adolescent health and habits on later life?

Answer 18

Can cause early death

Question 19

Aerobic exercise?

Answer 19

Sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung functioning

Question 20

Benefits of gratitude on well being?

Answer 20

• Better well being in school
• Higher level of purpose
• Satisfaction with one’s family, optimism, and prosocial behavior
• Fewer depressive symptoms
• Strong sense of meaning of life/ more satisfied with life

Question 21

Has adolescents’ alcohol use increased or decreased in recent years?

Answer 21

Sizeable declines in adolescent alcohol use

Question 22

Binge drinking risk?

Answer 22

• Missed classes
• Physical injuries
• Troubles with police
• Higher rise of sexual risk taking

Question 23

The “invisible epidemic”?

Answer 23

Substance use because it often goes undetected in older adults (risk rises for those taking multiple medications)

Question 24

Moderate alcohol consumption positive effects in adulthood?

Answer 24

• Better physical and mental health
• Increased longevity
• More open to social contracts

Question 25

Components of a culture's death system?

Answer 25

- People - Places or context - Times - Objects - Symbols

Question 26

Types of advance care planning?

Answer 26

- Advance directive: states preferences such as whether life-sustaining procedures may be used to prolong life - Living will: designed to complete while the individual can still think clearly

Question 27

Concepts of a "good death"?

Answer 27

- Physical comfort - Support from loved ones - Acceptance - Appropriate medical care

Question 28

Palliative care

Answer 28

- Reducing pain and suffering - Helping individuals die with dignity

Question 29

Hospice care

Answer 29

Program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible

Question 30

Percentage of people who died in childhood 200 years ago?

Answer 30

Nearly half of all children died before the age of 10

Question 31

Recommendations for talking to kids about death?

Answer 31

- Honesty is best policy - Preschool children may require less elaborate explanation than older kids - Being age appropriate - Sensitive and sympathetic - encourage kids to express own feelings - support programs for children and their caregivers

Question 32

Differences in attitudes about death between middle-aged and older adults?

Answer 32

- middle age adults fear death more than younger and older adults - older adults think about death more and talk about it more in conversation than middle-age and young adults

Question 33

Kubler-Ross' stages of grief?

Answer 33

- Denial and isolation - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance

Question 34

Importance of perceived control?

Answer 34

May work as an adaptive strategy for some older adults facing death. When people believe they can prolong their life, they become more alert and cheerful.

Question 35

Benefits of regular exercise?

Answer 35

- positive weight status - low blood pressure - low risk diabetes - improved sleep pattern - fewer depressive symptoms - reduce risk obesity

Question 36

Benefits of regular exercise in later life?

Answer 36

- more likely to live longer - improves outcome for many diseases - improved cellular function - reduced likelihood of mental health issues - improves brain and cognitive functions -

Question 37

Nun's study and what it told us about Alzheimer's?

Answer 37

- nuns donated their bodies and brains to science to help study Alzheimer's. good candidates because of their healthy lifestyle - told us the importance of early childhood education - major contribution to how we understand risk factors