Test 2

Question 1

An infants gradual development of the capacity to regulate emotions is associated with development of…

Answer 1

frontal regions of the cerebral cortex

Question 2

emotional regulation is the ability to…

Answer 2

control ones emotions even in difficult times

Question 3

the marshmallow experiment showed…

Answer 3

how much a subject was able to regulate their impulses

Question 4

emotion-coaching parents have children who can…

Answer 4

self-soothe. focus attention, and have fewer behavior problems

Question 5

what are Chess and Thomas’ classification of temperament and define each?

Answer 5

• easy: generally positive
• difficult: reacts negatively and cries frequently
• slow to warm up: low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood

Question 6

In the “still face” experiment, babies got upset when their father _____ and then calmed down and became happy again when their fathers _____

Answer 6

1. discontinued eye contact and showed no emotion
2. reenaged with them by smiling and interacting

Question 7

Freud believed that infants become attached to the person or object that provides

Answer 7

oral satisfaction

Question 8

according to Bowlby, babies with secure attachments expect their caregivers to

Answer 8

provide comfort and safety

Question 9

Mary Ainsworth would say that a child who is able to explore a new environment and play with toys while in the presence of their mother is ______ attached

Answer 9

securely

Question 10

a child who has anxious attachment to their caregivers may form what typeof attachment as adults?

Answer 10

anxious

Question 11

if a toy is shown to an infant and then taken away, the infant would not continue looking for the toy. this is an example of Piaget’s concept of…

Answer 11

object permanence

Question 12

Piaget’s term conservation means…

Answer 12

young children’s lack of understanding that changing the shape of an object does not increase or decrease the amount of it. Example: the beaker experiment

Question 13

the evolving level of help that a parent gives to a child to help them learn new tasks and skills is called…

Answer 13

scaffolding

Question 14

the preoperational stage lasts from ages ___ to ____

Answer 14

2 to 7

Question 15

what are some characteristics of a child in the preoperational stage?

Answer 15

egocentrism, animism, eventually centration

Question 16

the formal operational stage appears between ages

Answer 16

11-15

Question 17

(true or false) every adult thinks ina formal operational way

Answer 17

false

Question 18

(true or false) some critics beleive that some cognitive abilities in children emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought

Answer 18

true

Question 19

this cognitive theorist stresses the importance of children interacting with other people and the cultural context in which they live

Answer 19

Vygotsky

Question 20

what is the ZPD?

Answer 20

zone of proximal development: range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

Question 21

language is a form of communication - spoken, written, or signed - that is based on a system of…

Answer 21

symbols

Question 22

infinite generativity

Answer 22

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

Question 23

phoneme

Answer 23

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 24

morphemes

Answer 24

the smallest speech units that carry meaning

Question 25

Berko's study with the made up "wug" was interesting because?

Answer 25

children were able to apply morphological rules to words they had never heard before

Question 26

what are the 6 key principles of vocab development as detailed by Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek 2011?

Answer 26

1. children learn words for things and events that interest them 2. children learn the words they hear most often 3. children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful 4. children learn words best when interactions are reciprocal 5. children learn words best when the meanings are clear 6. children learn words best when correct grammar is used

Question 27

what is the dual language approach?

Answer 27

the learner is 1st taught in native language, English is incorporated for some instruction later, native language is still used in instruction but in decreasing proportions over the next few years as the learner gains more english proficiency

Question 28

what is aphasia?

Answer 28

loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage

Question 29

the language strategy "expanding" is helpful because...

Answer 29

it adds to the child's incomplete utterance and expands their language development

Question 30

(true or false) individual differences in personality are stable and consistent

Answer 30

true

Question 31

what is a mental age? chronological age?

Answer 31

m: level of mental development relative to others c: the actual biological age of the child

Question 32

what is the risk of giving IQ tests for all jobs?

Answer 32

it's inappropriate because high scores are only moderately correlated with job success and work performance

Question 33

which type of skills tend to be favored in school? (choose from: emotional, practical, analytical, creative)

Answer 33

analytical

Question 34

Gardner's Theory of Multiple intelligences states that...

Answer 34

humans have multiple dimensions of intelligence, only some of which are measured by IQ tests

Question 35

what is a cross-sectional study?

Answer 35

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Question 36

what is a longitudinal study?

Answer 36

data gathered of same subjects repeatedly over time looks for correlations

Question 37

crystallized intelligence

Answer 37

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 38

fluid intelligence

Answer 38

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 39

according to the seattle longitudinal study, middle age is a time of

Answer 39

peak performance of verbal comprehension

Question 40

wisdom:

Answer 40

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life

Question 41

(true or false) in the study we discussed in class, college students scored far lower on a wisdom scale than older adults

Answer 41

false

Question 42

intellectual disability:

Answer 42

a condition of limited mental ability emerging before the age of 18, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Question 43

to be considered gifted your IQ must be ___ or above

Answer 43

130

Question 44

creativity:

Answer 44

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas and solutions

Question 45

explain convergent vs. divergent thinking...

Answer 45

convergent: believing there is a single correct answer divergent: thinking there are multiple possible answers to a problem

Question 46

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence measures what three areas?

Answer 46

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence