TEST 4 - Feb 2020 Flashcards
What is the point of the Respiratory System? (6)
To get oxygen into the body so it can get into blood and hence to all cells where food molecules can be burned in oxygen to break the bonds to release energy for the cell
What are the 3 steps in Respiration? (3 )
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation),
ext resp,
int resp
What is cellular respiration and where does it happen? (2 )
Burning of food in cells to produce ATP
What are the tonsils and what are they for? (2)
Collections of wbc’s preventing entry of pathogens into body
What stops food going down the trachea? (1 )
Epiglottis
Where is the thyroid gland? (1 )
Around the larynx
What is trachea lined with? (1 )
Mucus membranes (epithelium
What does the trachea split into ? (1 )
L & R primary bronchi
How many lobes are there in the right lung ad how many in the left lung? (2)
3 and 2
What structures lie at the end of the terminal bronchioles? (1 )
Alveoli
How ‘thick’ are the alveoli? (1 )
1 cell
Ae the wbc’s inside alveoli? (1 )
Yes
What are the 2 main kinds of the fibres in the walls of alveoli? (2)
Elastic, reticular
Why do you need water to line the alveoli? (1)
For the oxygen to dissolve into
Which 2 gases diffuse into and out of the alveoli? (1 )
O2
Carbon dioxide
What Happens to the diaphragm on inspiration? ( 1 )
It goes down
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm ? (1 )
Phrenic nerve
What kind of molecule is haemoglobin and what will happen to it if conditions change too much? (2)
Protein, lose its 3D shape
What does chronic cigarette smoke do to lungs? (2)
Distory Alveoli
Collapsing of respiratory bronchioles
(both leading to emphysema)
How may smoke contribute to cancer anywhere in the body? (2 )
Contain carcinogens which are absorbed into blood (1) so can get to any cell in body (1).
What % of cases of lung cancer are due to smoking? (1 )
85% ( 80% - 90%)
What is the cause of Tuberculosis? ( 1 )
bacterium m.tubercule
What is pleurisy? (1 )
Inflammation of the pleura
What is the point of digestion? (8)
to break down food molecules (1) so they can get through the cells of the gut wall (1) and into the blood vessels (1) so they can get to all cells of the body (1) to provide energy there (by breaking the bonds) (1)and raw materials (the broken molecule ’bits’(1)for the cells go grow and repair(1) and do their ‘jobs’
What’s the difference between digestion and absorption? (2 )
Digestion: Breakdown foods
Absorption: Getting the broken bits across guts wall into blood vessels.
What are the names of the 3 salivary glands? (3 )
Parotid
sub mandibular
sub lingual
In approximately 5 words, what is the enteric nervous system? (1 )
The brain of the gut
Why is the oesophagus lined wit mucus cells and stratified squamous epithelium?(2 )
Mucus to lubricate food going down, stratified squamous because surface cells continually worn off by passage of food
What causes heartburn? (2 )
If oesophageal sphincter into stomach can’t close properly, stomach acids can leak up into oesophagus and burn oesophagus
What is a hiatus hermia? (1 )
When the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm
What sort of molecules does the stomach mainly digest? (1)
Proteins
What protects the stomach from the acid it secretes? (1)
Mucus it secretes
What is the most common cause of an ulcer? (2)
Bacterium heliobacter pylori dissolving the mucus and exposing the stomach wall to acid
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine? (3)
Duodenum ileum caecum
State 4 important functions of the small intestine (4)
Finish protein and carbohydrate digestion
Water absorption
Start & finish fat digestion
Absorb products of digestion
Where are bile salts made, where are they secreted from, and what do they do? (3)
In the liver, gall bladder, they emulsify fats and make small intestine alkaline
Which 4 vitamins are absorbed with fats through the lymph system? (4)
A, D, E, K
State 4 functions of liver (4)
Makes bile
forms non toxic urea from waste products
Modifes products of digestion so we can use them
detoxifies proteins
makes plasma protein, makes blood clotting enzyme fibrinogen
What is the hepatic portal system? (3)
a system of veins that delivers blood with products of digestion to the liver
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. It also secretes two important hormones – what are they(3)
insulin
glucagon
What does the gall bladder do? (1)
Store (and secrete) bile
What is cirrhosis of the liver? (1)
Scarring caused by inflammation
What are the 2 main jobs of the large intestine? (2)
Remove (reclaim)water and salts
What are haemorrhoids? (1)
Swollen veins in the wall of the rectum or anus
Name 3 factors that might contribute to colorectal cancer (3
Inheritance (50%), alcohol, high animal fat and high animal protein
