Test 4. Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 general types of cell communication?

A

contact dependent

paracrine

synaptic

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the _________ bind to the receptor protein

A

signaling molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The ________ activates intracellular signalling proteins that intiate a ___________–

A

receptor

signaling cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The signaling cascade influences a ___________, altering this target protein and thus altering the behavior of thecell

A

target protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_________________ extracellular signal molecule (hormone) that binds to and activates receptor

A

first messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______________: small molecules that produce in large numbers as a consequence of receptor activation

A

secondary messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_________________: pass the signal on to the next intracellular signaling protein

A

relay proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____________: link one signaling protein to another, but do not convey the signal themselves. Critcal for the formation of signaling complexes

A

adapter proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____________: proteins that bind multiple signaling proteins together in a functional complex and often hold them in a specific location

A

scaffold proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______________: amplify the signal, often by generating second messengers (ion channels and enzymes)

A

amplifier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______________: locate signaling proteins in a precise location in the cell by tethering them to the membrane or cytoskeleton

A

anchoring protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____________: these are activated at the cell surface by receptors and translocate into the nucleus to regulate gene expression

A

gene regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are some common secondary messengers?

A

cAMP, cGMP, calcium ion, IP3, DAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name two types of molecular switches? (to turn on)

A

signaling by phosphorlation

signaling by GTP binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cells often require multiple signal proteins coincidentally to trigger a response. Often,
multiple signals require ______________- which require more than one input signal to
generate an output signal that propagates a downstream signaling cascade.

A

integrator proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

G- protein coupled receptors (GPCR) change conformation in response to _______ binding and activated __________–

A

ligand binding

activated G proteins

17
Q

in heterotrimeric G protein pathways what are involved?

A

stimulus/ligand

receptor

g protein

effector

18
Q

G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) represent _____________ of the current drug target

19
Q

inactivated heterotrimeric G protein is bound to __________-

20
Q

G- protein mediated activation of ____________ by hormone binding leads to creation of CAMP

A

adenylate cyclase

21
Q

most effects of cAMP are mediated by protein….________

A

protein kinase A (PKA)

22
Q

Gαq activates phospholipase C, which cleaves the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate into two second messengers:___________________

A

inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3)

diacylglycerol (DAG

23
Q

What enzyme is used in the reaction where Pip3 makes DAG?

A

phospholipase C

24
Q

in phosphoinositide cascade how messengers are required for activation of PKC?

A

2 messengers

25
how does GPCR signaling specificity occur?
multiple physiological response
26
Signalling specificity is achieved by scaffolding in yeast Scaffolding of _______________is also seen in mammalian cells
MAPK cascade
27
G proteins spontaneously reset themselves through _________
GTP hydrolysis
28
Know dissociation
???????
29
describe guanine analogs and their roles?
N-methylated analogs of guanine Mimic GTP, bind and stimulate G-proteins “natural” stimulants
30
Some receptors dimerize in response to lingand binding and recruit ______________-
tyrosine kinases
31
each JAK phosphorylates its partner on a typrosine reside, activating the two ___________
kinases
32
what intially triggers change in gene expression?
ras activation GTP hydrolysis MAP kinase phosphorylation growth factor-receptor binding
33
Ras belongs to another class of signaling _________
g protein
34
Why care about ras?
ras is most common onogene in human cancer The Ras pathway provides a focus on the origins of cancer at the molecular level. Ras is a key cellular protein for cell growth, differentiation and survival.
35
the polypeptide hormone __________ is secreted when the blood is rich in glucose. It is the biochemical signal for fed state
insulin
36
The insulin receptor is a dimer that closes around a bound insulin molecule. The insulin receptor is a ___________- Receptor dimers form a insulin binding, leading to _____________ and activation of the kinase domains
tyrosine kinase cross- phosphorylation
37
the activated insulin receptor kinase intiates a ___________---
kinase cascade
38
what is the action of lipid kinase in insulin signaling... give an example
phosphatidylinositide 3 kinase is used to phophoralate Pip2 to Pip3
39
how does the body inactivate the insulin cascade?
Protein phosphatases remove phosphates from the activated proteins in the insulin signal transduction pathway, terminating the insulin signal. Lipid phosphatases contribute to signal termination by converting PIP3 into PIP2.