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Biochemistry (aka hell) > Chapter 7 Carbohydrates (slide notes) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Carbohydrates (slide notes) Flashcards

1
Q

___________ are simplest carbohydrates:

  • Aldose sugars if _______ functional group
  • Ketose sugars if ______ functional group
A

monosaccharides

aldehyde
ketone

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2
Q

most abundant in living cells are _____ and ______

A

hexose and pentose

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3
Q

sugars with four or more carbons exist primarily in _______

A

cyclic forms

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4
Q

ring formation occurs because aldehyde and ketone groups react reversiby with hydroxy groups in an aqueous solution to form ________ and __________

A

hemiacetals and hemiketals

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5
Q

five membered rings are called ________ and six member rings are called _________

A

furanoses

pyranoses

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6
Q

cyclic form of fructose is ________, while glucose in the pyranose form is ________

A

fructofuranose

glucopyranose

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7
Q

monosaccharides exist in many ________ forms

A

isomeric forms

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8
Q

define isomers

A

have the same molecular formula but different structures

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9
Q

define constitutional isomers

A

differ in the order of attachment of atoms

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10
Q

define stereoisomers

A

atoms are connected in the same order but differ in spatial arrangment

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11
Q

define enantiomers

A

nonsuperimposable mirror images

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12
Q

define diasteroisomers

A

isomers that are not mirror images

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13
Q

define epimers

A

differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms

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14
Q

define anomers

A

isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on a ring closure

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15
Q

monosaccharide stereoisomers:

an increase in the number of chiral carbons increases the number of possible optical isomers. whats a formula to quantify this?

A

2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons. this will tell you how many possible optical isomers there will be

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16
Q

almost all naturally occurring monosaccharides are the ____form.

all can be considered to be dervied from _______ or non chiral ________

A

D form

derived from D-glyceraldehyde
or nonchiral dihydroxyacetone

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17
Q

formation of a cyclic hemiacetal creates another diastereoisomeric form called an ________

A

anomer

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18
Q

define mutarotation

A

the alpha and beta forms of monosaccharides are readily interconverted in aqueous environments

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19
Q

oxidation of aldoses can make what? give examples

A 
aldonic acid
uronic acid
aldaric acid
lactones
reducing sugar
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20
Q

what enyzme can be used to make oxidation products of glucose

A

gluconolactone oxidase

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21
Q

what are reducing sugars?

A

sugars that can be reduced by weak, oxidizing agent such as benedict reagent are called this.

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22
Q

to be a reducing sugar what is required.

A

there needs to be an open chain. Ergo all aldoses are reducing sugars and frutose (ketose) is one to due to isomerization

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23
Q

Sugar alcohols (______) are produced by the reduction of aldehyde and ketone groups of monosaccharides. Note for recution essentionally the =O is changed changed to OH.

Note: sugar alcohols are used in commercial food processing and in pharmaceuticals. (soribtol can prevent moisture loss thus perserving food)

A

alditols

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24
Q

isomerization can yield products that show __________

A

epimerization

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25
Q

define esterification=

A

free OH groups of carbohydrates can be converted to esters by reactions with acids.

esterification often dramatically changes a sugars chemical and physical properties.

sulfate esters of carbohydrate molecules are found predominatly in the proteoglycan components of connetive tissue

participate in forming salt bridges between carbohydrate chains

26
Q

______formation-hemiacetals and hemiketals react with alcohols to form the corresponding _______and ______

A

glycoside formation

acetal
ketal

27
Q

when the cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal form of the monosaccharide reacts with an alcohol, the new linkage is a _________ and the compound is a __________-

A

glycoside linkage

glycoside

28
Q

acetals of glucose and fructose is ________ and ______-

A

glucoside

fructoside

29
Q

define glycosylation

A

attachment of glycan to protiens, lipids, or other organic molecules

30
Q

the result of covalent bonding of a __ or __________ with a sugar molecules (sometimes called non enzymatic _______)

A

the result of covalent bonding of a protein or lipid molecule with a sugar molecules (sometimes called non enzymatic glycosylation)

31
Q

glucose (D-glucose)

A

originally called dextrose, it is found in large quanitities throughout the natural world. it is the primary fuel for living cells. it is the perferred energy source for brain cells and cells without a mitochondria

32
Q

frutose

A

is often referred to as a fruit sugar, because of its high content in fruit. on a per gram bsis, it is twice as sweet as sucrose; therefore, it is often used as a sweetining agent in processed food. sperm use frutose as an energy source

33
Q

galactose

A

is necessary to synthesize a variety of important biomolecules. important biomolecules include lactose, gycolipids, phospholipids, proetoglycan, and glycoprotiens

34
Q

_________ is a genetic disorder resulting from a missing enzyme in galactose metabolism

A

galactosemia

35
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond. linkages are named by alpha or beta conformation and by which carbons are connected

36
Q

oligosaccharids contain two or more _________ linked by _______ bonds

A

monosaccharides linked by O-glycosidic bonds

37
Q

what are some common disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

38
Q

what are homoglycans (aka polysaccharides that are homo)

A

contain only one type of monosaccharide. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, no fixed molecular weight

39
Q

what are heteroglycans

A

contain two or more types of monosaccharides.

N and O linked oligosacchrides that are attached to prtoeins. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

40
Q

the _______ is the storage form of glucose in animal cells

A

polysaccharide glycogen

Most glucose units in glycogen are lined by α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds, with branches formed by α-1, 6-glycosidic bonds every 10 glucose units.

41
Q

amylose

A

unbranched chains of D-glucose (alpha-1,4 linkages

42
Q

cellulose is a __ of glucose units linked by beta 1,4 glycocidic bond

A

homopolymer

43
Q

___________-formed between the anomeric carbon atom and a hydroxyl group of another molecule, and the product is called an GLYCOSIDE

A

O-glycosidic bond

44
Q

_________-formed between the anomeric carbon atom and an amine.

A

n-glycosidic bond

45
Q

carbohydrates can also form ester linkages to _________

A

phosphates

46
Q

glycoproteins:

A

the PROTIEN IS THE LARGEST COMPONENT by weight. glycoproteins play a variety of roles including as membrane proteins

47
Q

porteoglycans:

A

the proteins is attached to a particular type of polysaccharide called a GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN. by weight, proteoglycans are MAINLY CARBOHYDRATE. proteoglycans play structural roles or act as lubricants

48
Q

mucins or mucoprotiens:

A

like proteoglycans, mucins are PREDOMINANTLY CARBOHyDRATE. the protein is characteristically attached to the carbohyddrate by N-acetylgalactosamine. mucins are often lubricants

49
Q

carbohydrates may be linked to ______,___, or _______ residues or proteins

A

asparagine, serine, or threonine

50
Q

what are the three main classes of glycoproteins?

A

glycoproteins

proteoglycans

mucins or mucoproteins

51
Q

erythropoietin

A

is a glycoprotein secreted by the kidney into the blood that stimulates the production of red blood cells

52
Q

proteoglycans are proteins attached to _______. which makes up 95% of the proteoglycan by weight

A

glycosaminoglycan

where glycosaminoglycans are composed of repeating units of disaccharide, one of which is a derivative of an amino sugar and one which carries a negative charge, either as a carboxylate or sulfate

53
Q

cartilage is composed, in part, of the proteoglycan _____ and cartilage

A

aggrecan.

not the glycosaminoglycan component of aggrecan cushions joints by releasing water on impact then rebinding water

54
Q

chitin, a glycosaminoglycan found in the exoskeleton of insects is __________________________________

A

one of hte most abundent carbohydrates in the world

55
Q

in _____, the protein component is extensively glycosylated to serine and threonine residues beginning with N-acetylgalactosamine.

a region of the protein backbone rich in serines and theronines call variable number of tandem repeats, is the site of glycosylation

mucins serve as lubricants

A

mucins

56
Q

the human ABO blood groups reflect the specificity of glycosyltransferases. all of the blood groups share the oligossaccharide foundation called O.

in A, N-acetylgalactosamine is added to O by a specific glycosyltransferase

in B, galactose is added by another transferase.

the blood type O produced no active glycosyltransferase

A

General slide

57
Q

glycan

A

binding proteins bind to specific oliosaccharides on the cell surface

58
Q

lectins

A

are a particular class of glycans binding protiens

59
Q

selectins

A

are cell-surface carbohydrates binding proteins that mediate transient cell-cell adhesion in the blood stream and are important in many host defense mechanisms involving those cells

60
Q

glycome

A

the total set of sugars and glycans in a cell or organism

61
Q

is there a template for glycan biosynthesis?

A

no there is no template. it is done is a stepwise process

62
Q

_________ can result upon slight variations in glycan compostion of each glycoprotien

A

glycoforms

Biochemistry (aka hell) (14 decks)

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