Chapter 10 Aerobic metabolism

Question 1

electron transport and ATP synthase occur in the ________

Answer 1

innermembrane

Question 2

cytric acid cycle occurs in the ______

Answer 2

matrix

Question 3

the reduction potential, or _________, is a measure of a molecules tendency to donate or accept electrons

Answer 3

redox potential

Question 4

a strong reducing agent readily __________-

a strong oxidizing agent readily __________________

Answer 4

a strong reducing agent readily dontates electrons and has a negative E

a strong oxidizing agent readily accepts electrons and has a positive detla E

Question 5

energy is released when high-energy electrons are transferred to oxygen. the energy is used is then established to form a _________-

Answer 5

proton gradient

Question 6

iron sulfur protiens -(_________)

Answer 6

non-heme

Question 7

cytochromes (________)

Answer 7

heme

Question 8

how can iron participate in several places in the electron-transport chain if each step is exergonic?

how can iron have different reduction potentials?

Answer 8

redox potential depends on environment

iron is embedded into different proteins

Question 9

______________ electron carrier dervied from isoprene. electron transfer is coupled to binding and release of protons

Answer 9

coenzyme Q

Question 10

____________- is a lipid-soluble and shuttle electrons between electron transport chain complexes along the innter mitochondrial membrane

Answer 10

ubiquione

Question 11

q cycle

Answer 11

is the transfer of electrons through complex III

Question 12

QH2 carries ________electrons while cytochrome c carries only _______ electron. The mechanism for coupling electron transfer from QH2 to cytochrome c is called the Q cycle

Answer 12

QH2 carries two electrons

cytochrome c carries only one electron

Question 13

complex IV: cytochrome c oxidase

complicated structure contains 13 subunits, two heme groups, as well as multiple metal ion cofactors0 in all three atoms of ________, _____,______

Answer 13

copper
magnesium
zinc

Question 14

solid state- model based on more recent research indicates a ____________, a supercomples of I,III, and IV.

Answer 14

respirasome

Question 15

what are three inhibitors of the electron transport chain

Answer 15

antimycin
amytal
rotenone

Question 16

the proton gradient generation by oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is called the ___________ .

this force powers the synthesis of ATP

Answer 16

proton-motive force

Question 17

the proton gradient generation by oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is called the ___________ .

this force powers the synthesis of ATP

Answer 17

proton-motive force

Question 18

what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?

Answer 18

the pH gradient and membrane potential consttitute a proton-motive force that is used to drive ATP synthesis

Question 19

as electrons pass through the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, generating a _____________

Answer 19

proton motive force

protons then move back across the membrane through ATP synthase driving ATP formation

Question 20

_________ and ________ distrupt the proton gradient, inhibiting ATP synthesis

Answer 20

uncouplers and ionophores

Question 21

the f0 component of atp synthase is embedded in the innter mitochondria membrane and contains the _______-

Answer 21

proton channel

Question 22

the f1 of atp synthase contains the ______________-

Answer 22

active sites and protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix

Question 23

the number of ______ determines the number of protons required to synthesize a molecule of ATP

Answer 23

protons

Question 24

the three catalytic beta subunits of F1 component can exis in three forms what are these forms and describe

Answer 24

o(open)form- nucleotides can bind to or be released from the beta subunit

l(loose)form, nucleotides are trapped in the beta subunit

in the T(tight)form, ATP is synthesized from ADP and P

Question 25

electrons from the cytoplasmic NADH enters the mitochondria by ________-

Answer 25

shuttles

Question 26

in ________ electrons from the cytplasmic NADH can enter the electron transport chain by using ____________

Answer 26

muscle

glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 27

in the _________, electrons from the cytoplasm NADH are used to generate mitochondrial NADH in ____________

Answer 27

heart and liver

malate aspartate shuttle

the malate aspartate shuttle consists of two membrane transporters and four enzymes

Question 28

the entry of ADP into the mitochondria is coupled to the _______ of ATP

Answer 28

exit

Question 29

the complete oxidation of glucose yields about ______ molcules of atp

Answer 29

30

Question 30

if electron transport is uncoupled from ATP synthesis, heat is generated, a process called________

Answer 30

nonshivering thermogenesis

Question 31

diatomic oxygen is a _______ meaning it has two unpaired electrons

Answer 31

diradical

Question 32

___________ and ________ help protect again ROS damage

Answer 32

superoxide dismutase and catalase