Chapter 10 Aerobic metabolism Flashcards
electron transport and ATP synthase occur in the ________
innermembrane
cytric acid cycle occurs in the ______
matrix
the reduction potential, or _________, is a measure of a molecules tendency to donate or accept electrons
redox potential
a strong reducing agent readily __________-
a strong oxidizing agent readily __________________
a strong reducing agent readily dontates electrons and has a negative E
a strong oxidizing agent readily accepts electrons and has a positive detla E
energy is released when high-energy electrons are transferred to oxygen. the energy is used is then established to form a _________-
proton gradient
iron sulfur protiens -(_________)
non-heme
cytochromes (________)
heme
how can iron participate in several places in the electron-transport chain if each step is exergonic?
how can iron have different reduction potentials?
redox potential depends on environment
iron is embedded into different proteins
______________ electron carrier dervied from isoprene. electron transfer is coupled to binding and release of protons
coenzyme Q
____________- is a lipid-soluble and shuttle electrons between electron transport chain complexes along the innter mitochondrial membrane
ubiquione
q cycle
is the transfer of electrons through complex III
QH2 carries ________electrons while cytochrome c carries only _______ electron. The mechanism for coupling electron transfer from QH2 to cytochrome c is called the Q cycle
QH2 carries two electrons
cytochrome c carries only one electron
complex IV: cytochrome c oxidase
complicated structure contains 13 subunits, two heme groups, as well as multiple metal ion cofactors0 in all three atoms of ________, _____,______
copper
magnesium
zinc
solid state- model based on more recent research indicates a ____________, a supercomples of I,III, and IV.
respirasome
what are three inhibitors of the electron transport chain
antimycin
amytal
rotenone
the proton gradient generation by oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is called the ___________ .
this force powers the synthesis of ATP
proton-motive force
the proton gradient generation by oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is called the ___________ .
this force powers the synthesis of ATP
proton-motive force
what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
the pH gradient and membrane potential consttitute a proton-motive force that is used to drive ATP synthesis
as electrons pass through the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, generating a _____________
proton motive force
protons then move back across the membrane through ATP synthase driving ATP formation
_________ and ________ distrupt the proton gradient, inhibiting ATP synthesis
uncouplers and ionophores
the f0 component of atp synthase is embedded in the innter mitochondria membrane and contains the _______-
proton channel
the f1 of atp synthase contains the ______________-
active sites and protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix
the number of ______ determines the number of protons required to synthesize a molecule of ATP
protons
the three catalytic beta subunits of F1 component can exis in three forms what are these forms and describe
o(open)form- nucleotides can bind to or be released from the beta subunit
l(loose)form, nucleotides are trapped in the beta subunit
in the T(tight)form, ATP is synthesized from ADP and P
electrons from the cytoplasmic NADH enters the mitochondria by ________-
shuttles
in ________ electrons from the cytplasmic NADH can enter the electron transport chain by using ____________
muscle
glycerol phosphate shuttle
in the _________, electrons from the cytoplasm NADH are used to generate mitochondrial NADH in ____________
heart and liver
malate aspartate shuttle
the malate aspartate shuttle consists of two membrane transporters and four enzymes
the entry of ADP into the mitochondria is coupled to the _______ of ATP
exit
the complete oxidation of glucose yields about ______ molcules of atp
30
if electron transport is uncoupled from ATP synthesis, heat is generated, a process called________
nonshivering thermogenesis
diatomic oxygen is a _______ meaning it has two unpaired electrons
diradical
___________ and ________ help protect again ROS damage
superoxide dismutase and catalase
