Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Development 1 > Test 4 chaper 11-13 > Flashcards

Test 4 chaper 11-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Middle Childhood

A

about age 6-11
the healthiest period of the entire life span- fatal accidents and diseases are rare
growth is slow and steady
self-care is easy, more self-sufficient, muscles become stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Benefits of physical activity

A

better overall health
less obesity
appreciation of cooperation and fair play
Improved problem-solving ability
respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

embodied cognition

A

our health and comfort effect the thoughts we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hazards of physical activity

A

loss of self-esteem
injuries
reinforcement of prejudices
increased stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benefits of neighborhood play

A

flexible, interactive, and inclusive

teaches ethics, rules, boundaries and flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Downfall of neighborhood play

A

city: parents keep their kids home because of “stranger danger”
indoor activities like homework, television and video games compete with outdoor play in every nation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Athletic clubs and leagues

A

correlates with academic achievement in low income children

performance improved for 6 and 7 year old’s who felt victimized but played sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Obesity

A

in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Overweight

A

in a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of obesity

A 
genetics
infants not breastfed
too much TV, soda, eating habits
not enough exercise
school lunches, snack machines, food advertising
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Asthma

A

a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes it difficult to breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of asthma

A

environment and genes

air pollution, carpets, pets inside the home, airtight windows, less outdoor play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reaction time

A

time it takes to respond to a stimulus physically or cognitively
increasing mylination speeds reaction time each year from birth to age 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Selective attention

A

ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
improves at age 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Automatization

A

process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aptitude

A

the potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IQ test

A

a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude

no test can measure the complexities of the human brain, scores on tests change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Achievement test

A

a measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science and some other subject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Flynn effect

A

the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Robert Sternberg intelligences

A

academic, creative, practical

these are significant in adulthood when practical intelligence is more relevant than academic intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Howard Gardner intelligences

A

9 intelligences: linguistic, logical, mathematical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential.
People excel in some more than other, influential in education especially with children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

links the study of typical development with the study of disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Comorbid

A

the presence of 2 or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lessons from developmental psychopathology

Apply to everyone

A

abnormal is normal, disability changes year by year, life may be better or worse in adulthood, diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Multifinality

A

a basic principal that holds that one cause can have multiple final manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Equifinality

A

a basic principal that holds that one symptom can have many causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ADHD

A

a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few minutes but also is inattentive, impulsive and overactive
Commonly treated with Ritalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

a condition where the person has extreme mood swings that are not caused by outside experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Learning disability

A

a marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation or by an unusually stressful home environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dyslexia

A

unusual difficulty with reading

thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Autism

A

developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption and an inability to acquire normal speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Autism Spectrum disorder

A

any of several disorders characterized by impaired communication, inadequate social skills and unusual patterns of play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Least restrictive environment

A

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Gifted and talented

A

children who are unusually gifted are often thought to have special needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Acceleration

A

educating gifted children alongside other children of the same mental, not chronological, age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Resource room

A

some children with special needs are sent to another room with a teacher who provides targeted tutoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Inclusion

A

children with special needs are included int eh general classroom with appropriate aids and services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Concrete operational

A

cognitive theory/PIaget

the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Classification

A

things can be organized into groups according to some characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Transitive inference

A

the ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Seriation

A

the idea that things can be arranged in a series

42
Q

new intellectual skills of school age children

A

conservation
classification
seriation
reversibility

43
Q

Vygotsky and school age Children

A

instruction is essential
children are “apprentices in learning”
language is integral as a mediator
cultures teach

44
Q

Information processing theory

A

people take in information and then seek specific units of information, analyze the information and express their conclusions
the brains gradual growth confirms the information-processing perspective
requires memory

45
Q

Sensory memory

A

(information processing theory)

incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed

46
Q

Long-term memory

A

(information processing theory)
virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
capacity is virtually limitless by the end of middle childhood

47
Q

Working memory

A

(information processing theory)
current, conscious mental activity occurs
improves significantly from ages 4-10
Used to be called short-term memory

48
Q

Memory storage

A

how much information is deposited in the brain

49
Q

Knowledge base

A

a body of knowledge in a certain area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

50
Q

Control processes

A

mechanisms that combine memory, processing speeds and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the system

51
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about thinking
the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task

52
Q

Language

A

by age 6 children know most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language and many speak a second or even a third
some school age children learn as many as 20 new words a day and apply grammar rules they did not use before
family income and adult expectations affect language learning
children can understand jokes and metaphors at this age

53
Q

Pragmatics

A

the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audiences and context
advances in middle childhood
shy children who are good at pragmatics cope better with social pressures of school than those who are not as adept

54
Q

Second language learning

A

school age children can switch from one language to another
each language differs in tone, pronunciation, gesture, sentence length, idioms, grammar and vocabulary
sometimes people switch from the formal language to the informal language
1 in 4 kids speak a language other than English at home

55
Q

Immersion

A

all subjects are taught in the child’s second language

56
Q

Bilingual schooling

A

subjects are taught in the child’s original and second languages

57
Q

ESL

A

children who do not speak English are taught together in an intensive class to learn basic English so they can be mainstreamed later

58
Q

Phonics approach

A

teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and letter combinations

59
Q

Whole-language approach

A

teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills (talking, listening, reading and writing)

60
Q

Factors that effect language learning

A

socioeconomic status
expectations set by parents
family poverty has a huge impact on the child’s ability to learn a language

61
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

the implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school

62
Q

Progress in international reading literacy study (PRLS)

A

every 5 years
finds girls ahead of boys in verbal skills
boys do better in math and science but the gap is closing
girls have higher report cards overall until puberty when grades dip in math and science

63
Q

National Assessment of educational progress (NAEP)

A

an ongoing nationally representative measure of US children’s achievement in reading, math and science

64
Q

Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

A

an international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth and eighth graders
different countries’ scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration and content validity are hard to keep uniform

65
Q

Charter schools

A

funded and licensed by states or districts and private sponsors run as a public school but has its own standards

66
Q

Home schooling

A

education in which children are taught at home usually by their parents

67
Q

Voucher

A

allows parents to choose the school for the child (public or private) with all or part of the cost being paid by the local government

68
Q

Industry v. Inferiority

A

(Eirkson)
children attempt to master many skills developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent

69
Q

Latency

A

(Freud)
emotional drives are quiet and unconscious. Sexual conflicts are submerged, sexual energy is channeled into social concerns

70
Q

Self-esteem

A

decreases at this age because children are comparing themselves to one another

71
Q

Self-pride

A

how other people view your accomplishments makes you feel better about yourself

72
Q

self-concept

A

the idea about yourself, including intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background

73
Q

social comparison

A

comparing one’s attributes to those of other children
helps children value themselves and abandon the imaginary, rosy self-evaluation of preschoolers
self-criticism and self-consciousness rise from 6-11
materialism increases

74
Q

Effortful control

A

the ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort. reduced with unrealistically high self-esteem
after-school activities can help provide a foundation for friendship and realistic self-esteem

75
Q

resilience

A

the capacity to adapt well despite significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
dynamic (a person may be resilient at some periods but not at others)
Positive (allows for a bad situation to turn into a positive one)
Significant (overcome conditions that would overwhelm many of your peers)

76
Q

Cumulative stress

A

daily hassles. Can be more devastating than an isolated major stress
social support strengthens the ability to deal with stress
religion provides support via adults.Prayer may foster resilience

77
Q

Shared environment

A

children that are raised by the same parents in the same home (siblings)
changes int he family affect every family member differently
most parents respond to each of their children differently

78
Q

non-shared environment

A

children that are raised outside of your household (classmates)

79
Q

Family function

A

the way a family works to meet the needs of its members
children need families to provide basic material necessities, encourage learning, develop self-respect, nurture friendships, foster harmony and stability

80
Q

Family structure

A

the legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home
(Nuclear, extended, step)

81
Q

Nuclear family

A

a family that consists of a father, mother and their biological children under age 18
tend to be wealthier, better educated, healthier, more flexible and less hostile
biological children tend to be very dedicated to their offspring
similar advantages occur for children who are adopted

82
Q

Single parent family

A

a family that consists of only one parents and his or her children under age 18
children in single-mother families are worse in school and adult life than other children
single mother households are often low-income and unstable- move around more often and add new adults more often

83
Q

Extended family

A

a family of three or more generations living in one household

84
Q

polygamous family

A

a family consisting of one man, several wives and the biological children of the man and his wives

85
Q

same-sex parents

A

make up less than 1% of two parent households.

children are from previous marriage assisted reproduction or adopted

86
Q

Stepparent family

A

has a financial advantage but has a disadvantage of instability

87
Q

blended family

A

a stepparent family that includes children born to several families such as the biological children from the spouses’ previous marriages and the biological children of the new couple

88
Q

Family stress model

A

the crucial question to ask about any risk factor is whether or not it increases the stress on a family
family conflict harms children-particularly when adults fight about child rearing

89
Q

Culture of children

A

the particular habits, styles and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society
school age children value personal friendships more than peer acceptance, gender differences

90
Q

Aggressive-rejected

A

children who are disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

91
Q

withdrawn-rejected

A

children who are disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn and anxious behavior

92
Q

Social cognition

A

the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior
may be crucial for peer acceptance
well-liked children tend to like themselves and usually assume that social slights are accidental

93
Q

bullying

A

repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal or social attacks on a weaker person

94
Q

bully-victim

A

someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well

Also called a provocative victim

95
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning

A

described stages of morality stemming from three levels of moral reasoning with two stages at each level
ignored culture and gender, family is not included, the participants in his original study were all boys

96
Q

Preconventional moral reasoning

A

emphasizes rewards and punishments

Centered on the self

97
Q

Conventional moral reasoning

A

emphasizes social rules

centered on the community

98
Q

postconventional moral reasoning

A

emphasizes moral principles

centered on ideals/worldwide)

99
Q

Piaget v. Kohlberg

A
  1. (sensorimotor v. Preconventional)- no reflective thought, self-centered motivation
  2. Preoperational v. conventional- perceiving the world from their own perspective, understanding the world around them
  3. (Concrete operational v. postconventional)- logical operations/principals, abstractions/hypothetical concepts
100
Q

Values of children

A

children develop their own morality, guided by peers, parents and culture
concrete operational cognition gets them to think about morality and to try to be ethical
when child culture conflicts with adult morality, children often align themselves with peers.

Child Development 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions