Test 4 chaper 11-13 Flashcards
Middle Childhood
about age 6-11
the healthiest period of the entire life span- fatal accidents and diseases are rare
growth is slow and steady
self-care is easy, more self-sufficient, muscles become stronger
Benefits of physical activity
better overall health
less obesity
appreciation of cooperation and fair play
Improved problem-solving ability
respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities
embodied cognition
our health and comfort effect the thoughts we have
hazards of physical activity
loss of self-esteem
injuries
reinforcement of prejudices
increased stress
Benefits of neighborhood play
flexible, interactive, and inclusive
teaches ethics, rules, boundaries and flexibility
Downfall of neighborhood play
city: parents keep their kids home because of “stranger danger”
indoor activities like homework, television and video games compete with outdoor play in every nation
Athletic clubs and leagues
correlates with academic achievement in low income children
performance improved for 6 and 7 year old’s who felt victimized but played sports
Obesity
in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile
Overweight
in a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile
Causes of obesity
genetics infants not breastfed too much TV, soda, eating habits not enough exercise school lunches, snack machines, food advertising
Asthma
a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes it difficult to breathe
Causes of asthma
environment and genes
air pollution, carpets, pets inside the home, airtight windows, less outdoor play
Reaction time
time it takes to respond to a stimulus physically or cognitively
increasing mylination speeds reaction time each year from birth to age 16
Selective attention
ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
improves at age 7
Automatization
process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine
Aptitude
the potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
IQ test
a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude
no test can measure the complexities of the human brain, scores on tests change
Achievement test
a measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science and some other subject
Flynn effect
the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
Robert Sternberg intelligences
academic, creative, practical
these are significant in adulthood when practical intelligence is more relevant than academic intelligence
Howard Gardner intelligences
9 intelligences: linguistic, logical, mathematical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential.
People excel in some more than other, influential in education especially with children
Developmental psychopathology
links the study of typical development with the study of disorders
Comorbid
the presence of 2 or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person
Lessons from developmental psychopathology
Apply to everyone
abnormal is normal, disability changes year by year, life may be better or worse in adulthood, diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context
Multifinality
a basic principal that holds that one cause can have multiple final manifestations
Equifinality
a basic principal that holds that one symptom can have many causes
ADHD
a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few minutes but also is inattentive, impulsive and overactive
Commonly treated with Ritalin
Bipolar Disorder
a condition where the person has extreme mood swings that are not caused by outside experiences
Learning disability
a marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation or by an unusually stressful home environment
Dyslexia
unusual difficulty with reading
thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment
Autism
developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption and an inability to acquire normal speech
Autism Spectrum disorder
any of several disorders characterized by impaired communication, inadequate social skills and unusual patterns of play
Least restrictive environment
a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn
Gifted and talented
children who are unusually gifted are often thought to have special needs
Acceleration
educating gifted children alongside other children of the same mental, not chronological, age
Resource room
some children with special needs are sent to another room with a teacher who provides targeted tutoring
Inclusion
children with special needs are included int eh general classroom with appropriate aids and services
Concrete operational
cognitive theory/PIaget
the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
Classification
things can be organized into groups according to some characteristics
Transitive inference
the ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another
Seriation
the idea that things can be arranged in a series
new intellectual skills of school age children
conservation
classification
seriation
reversibility
Vygotsky and school age Children
instruction is essential
children are “apprentices in learning”
language is integral as a mediator
cultures teach
Information processing theory
people take in information and then seek specific units of information, analyze the information and express their conclusions
the brains gradual growth confirms the information-processing perspective
requires memory
Sensory memory
(information processing theory)
incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed
Long-term memory
(information processing theory)
virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
capacity is virtually limitless by the end of middle childhood
Working memory
(information processing theory)
current, conscious mental activity occurs
improves significantly from ages 4-10
Used to be called short-term memory
Memory storage
how much information is deposited in the brain
Knowledge base
a body of knowledge in a certain area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
Control processes
mechanisms that combine memory, processing speeds and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the system
Metacognition
thinking about thinking
the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task
Language
by age 6 children know most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language and many speak a second or even a third
some school age children learn as many as 20 new words a day and apply grammar rules they did not use before
family income and adult expectations affect language learning
children can understand jokes and metaphors at this age
Pragmatics
the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audiences and context
advances in middle childhood
shy children who are good at pragmatics cope better with social pressures of school than those who are not as adept
Second language learning
school age children can switch from one language to another
each language differs in tone, pronunciation, gesture, sentence length, idioms, grammar and vocabulary
sometimes people switch from the formal language to the informal language
1 in 4 kids speak a language other than English at home
Immersion
all subjects are taught in the child’s second language
Bilingual schooling
subjects are taught in the child’s original and second languages
ESL
children who do not speak English are taught together in an intensive class to learn basic English so they can be mainstreamed later
Phonics approach
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and letter combinations
Whole-language approach
teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills (talking, listening, reading and writing)
Factors that effect language learning
socioeconomic status
expectations set by parents
family poverty has a huge impact on the child’s ability to learn a language
Hidden curriculum
the implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school
Progress in international reading literacy study (PRLS)
every 5 years
finds girls ahead of boys in verbal skills
boys do better in math and science but the gap is closing
girls have higher report cards overall until puberty when grades dip in math and science
National Assessment of educational progress (NAEP)
an ongoing nationally representative measure of US children’s achievement in reading, math and science
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
an international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth and eighth graders
different countries’ scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration and content validity are hard to keep uniform
Charter schools
funded and licensed by states or districts and private sponsors run as a public school but has its own standards
Home schooling
education in which children are taught at home usually by their parents
Voucher
allows parents to choose the school for the child (public or private) with all or part of the cost being paid by the local government
Industry v. Inferiority
(Eirkson)
children attempt to master many skills developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
Latency
(Freud)
emotional drives are quiet and unconscious. Sexual conflicts are submerged, sexual energy is channeled into social concerns
Self-esteem
decreases at this age because children are comparing themselves to one another
Self-pride
how other people view your accomplishments makes you feel better about yourself
self-concept
the idea about yourself, including intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background
social comparison
comparing one’s attributes to those of other children
helps children value themselves and abandon the imaginary, rosy self-evaluation of preschoolers
self-criticism and self-consciousness rise from 6-11
materialism increases
Effortful control
the ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort. reduced with unrealistically high self-esteem
after-school activities can help provide a foundation for friendship and realistic self-esteem
resilience
the capacity to adapt well despite significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
dynamic (a person may be resilient at some periods but not at others)
Positive (allows for a bad situation to turn into a positive one)
Significant (overcome conditions that would overwhelm many of your peers)
Cumulative stress
daily hassles. Can be more devastating than an isolated major stress
social support strengthens the ability to deal with stress
religion provides support via adults.Prayer may foster resilience
Shared environment
children that are raised by the same parents in the same home (siblings)
changes int he family affect every family member differently
most parents respond to each of their children differently
non-shared environment
children that are raised outside of your household (classmates)
Family function
the way a family works to meet the needs of its members
children need families to provide basic material necessities, encourage learning, develop self-respect, nurture friendships, foster harmony and stability
Family structure
the legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home
(Nuclear, extended, step)
Nuclear family
a family that consists of a father, mother and their biological children under age 18
tend to be wealthier, better educated, healthier, more flexible and less hostile
biological children tend to be very dedicated to their offspring
similar advantages occur for children who are adopted
Single parent family
a family that consists of only one parents and his or her children under age 18
children in single-mother families are worse in school and adult life than other children
single mother households are often low-income and unstable- move around more often and add new adults more often
Extended family
a family of three or more generations living in one household
polygamous family
a family consisting of one man, several wives and the biological children of the man and his wives
same-sex parents
make up less than 1% of two parent households.
children are from previous marriage assisted reproduction or adopted
Stepparent family
has a financial advantage but has a disadvantage of instability
blended family
a stepparent family that includes children born to several families such as the biological children from the spouses’ previous marriages and the biological children of the new couple
Family stress model
the crucial question to ask about any risk factor is whether or not it increases the stress on a family
family conflict harms children-particularly when adults fight about child rearing
Culture of children
the particular habits, styles and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society
school age children value personal friendships more than peer acceptance, gender differences
Aggressive-rejected
children who are disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior
withdrawn-rejected
children who are disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn and anxious behavior
Social cognition
the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior
may be crucial for peer acceptance
well-liked children tend to like themselves and usually assume that social slights are accidental
bullying
repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal or social attacks on a weaker person
bully-victim
someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well
Also called a provocative victim
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning
described stages of morality stemming from three levels of moral reasoning with two stages at each level
ignored culture and gender, family is not included, the participants in his original study were all boys
Preconventional moral reasoning
emphasizes rewards and punishments
Centered on the self
Conventional moral reasoning
emphasizes social rules
centered on the community
postconventional moral reasoning
emphasizes moral principles
centered on ideals/worldwide)
Piaget v. Kohlberg
- (sensorimotor v. Preconventional)- no reflective thought, self-centered motivation
- Preoperational v. conventional- perceiving the world from their own perspective, understanding the world around them
- (Concrete operational v. postconventional)- logical operations/principals, abstractions/hypothetical concepts
Values of children
children develop their own morality, guided by peers, parents and culture
concrete operational cognition gets them to think about morality and to try to be ethical
when child culture conflicts with adult morality, children often align themselves with peers.
