Test 2 chapter 5-7 Flashcards
head-sparing
biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth
Percentile
point on a ranking scale of 0-100
50th is the midpoint with 1/2 the sample being higher and 1/2 lower
Sleep
average newborn sleeps 16 hours/day
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, dreaming, rapid brain waves
Slow-wave sleep
quiet sleep
increases at 3-4 months
co sleeping
custom of parents and children sleeping in the same room
more common in asia, africa and latin american than in western cultures
Neuron
the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system
cortex
the outer layers of the brain
axon
a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
dendrite
a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
synapse
the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons
neurotransmitter
a brain chemical that carries information from the axon of sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron
Transient exuberance
the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites in an infant’s brain from birth to age 2
enables neurons to connect and communicate with other neurons
Pruning
when unused neurons and misconnected dendrites die
Experience expectant
require basic common experiences to develop normally
people who love them
experience-dependent
happen to some infants but not all
not necessary for brain function
the language the baby learns
prefrontal cortex
the area for anticipation, planning and impulse control
shaken baby syndrome
a life-threatening injury occurring when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels and breaking neural connections
self-righting
inborn drive to fix a developmental deficit
all people have self-righting impulses for physical and emotional imbalance
sensation
the response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus
perception
the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
sensory development
typically precedes intellectual and motor development
hearing develops during the last trimester of pregnancy and is already acute at birth
vision is the last to mature
binocular vision
the ability to coordinated the two eyes to see one image, appears at 3 months
gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movements
walking and jumping
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers
drawing, picking up a coin
Protein-calorie
when not enough food of any kind is consumed
stunting
being too short for your age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
wasting
being very underweight due to malnutrition
marasmus
severe malnutrition during infancy where child stops growing, tissues waste away and then usually dies
Kwashiorkor
disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood where child becomes more likely to get other diseases such as measles, diarrhea and influenza
immunization
the process of protecting a person against a disease, via antibodies
can happen naturally when someone survives a disease or medically using a small dose of the virus that stimulates the production of antibodies
completely eradicated smallpox, polio, measles and rotavirus
Stage 1 and 2 (sensorimotor intelligence)
birth- 4months
Primary Circular Reactions
Stage of reflexes, stage of first habits
Stage 3 and 4 (Sensorimotor intelligence)
secondary circular reactions
involves responses to people and objects
making interesting events last, new adaptation and anticipation
Stage 5 and 6 (sensorimotor intelligence)
Tertiary Circular reactions
new means through active experimentation, “Little scientist”
Anticipate and solve problems by using mental combination (deferred limitation)
little scientist
active and creative exploration using trial and error
deferred limitation
when infants copy behavior they noticed hours or days earlier
habituation
the process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it
information processing theory
modeled on computer functioning
affordances
the envionrment affords opportunities for interactions with what is perceived
visual cliff
designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another
Dynamic perception
focuses on movement and change
people preference
an innate attraction to other humans
Early memory
infants store no memory in their first year
Infants can remember if experimental conditions are similar to real life, motivation is high and special measures aid memory retrieval
reminder session
a perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing or an experience
Implicit memory
remains hidden until a stimulus brings it to mind
explicit memory
can be recalled on demand usually with words
Child directed speech
the high pitched, simplified repetitive way adults speak to infants
babbling
the extended repetition of certain syllables that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old
holophrase
a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
naming explosion
a sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns
begins at about 18 months
Grammar
includes all the devices by which words communicate meaning
Theory 1: Infants need to be taught (Language learning)
Infants need to be taught
parents are expert teachers
frequent repetition of words is instructive especially when linked to daily life
well-taught infants become well-spoken children
Theory 2: social-pragmatic (Language learning)
infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings
early communication focuses on the emotional messages of speech and not the woreds
Theory 3: infants teach themselves (Language learning)
language acquisition device
Language acquisition device
chomsky’s term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary and intonation
Hybrid theory (Language Learning)
some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age
Smiling and laughing
smile (6 weeks)
evoked by viewing human faces
laughter (3-4 months) often associated with curiosity
become louder and more discriminating as a toddler
anger
first expressions at around 6 months
healthy response to frustration
becomes less frequent and more focused as a toddler
sadness
indicated withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol
stressful experience for infants
fear
emerges at about 9 months in response to people things or situations
becomes less frequent and more focused as a toddler
stranger wariness
infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close
separation anxiety
tears, dismay or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves
if it remains after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder
self-awareness
the realization that one’s body, mind and actions are separate from those of other people
first 4 months- infants have no sense of self, may see themselves as part of their mothers
5 months- begin to develop an awareness of themselves and separate from their mothers
Mirror Recognition (rouge test)
babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a red dot had been placed on their noses
children under 12 months reacted as if they didn’t know the mark was on them
15-24 months showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity
emotional self-regulation
directly connected to maturation of the anterior cingulate gyrus
synesthesia
when one sense triggers another in the brain
common in infants because boundaries between sensory parts of the cortex are less distinct
cross-modal perception
infant associates textures with vision, sounds with smells, own body with the body of others
basis for early social understanding
synesthesia of emotions
infant’s cry can be triggered by pain, fear, tiredness or excitement
laughter can turn to tears
emotions are difficult to predict because of the way infants’ brains are activated
temperament
inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity and self-regulation
epigenetic, originating in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices
New York Longitudinal Study
4 categories of temperament- easy (40%), difficult (10%), slow to warm up (15%), hard to classify (35%)
parenting practices are crucial, temperament can change or be changed
affected by the big 5
the big 5
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism
goodness of fit
a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context
parents of difficult babies build a close relationship
parents of exuberant curious infants learn to protect them from harm
parents of slow to warm up babies give them time to adjust
Freud: oral and anal stages
oral- 1st year, anal- 2nd year
oral fixation if denied the infant urge to suck may become an adult who is stuck at the oral stage.
anal personality- overly strict or premature toilet training may result in an adult with an unusually strong need for control, regularity and cleanliness
Erikson: trust and autonomy
trust vs. mistrust- 0-1 year, autonomy vs. shame- 1-2 years
early problems can create an adult who is suspicious and pessimistic or who is easily shamed
Behaviorism
parents mold an infant’s emotions and personality through reinforcement and punishment
social learning
the acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.
demonstrated in the Bobo doll study
cognitive theory
working model
a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by evidence that this working model of behavior is erroneous
the child’s interpretation of early experiences is more important than the experiences themselves
new working models can be developed based on new experiences or reinterpretation of previous experiences
working model
a set of assumptions used to organize perceptions and experiences
Ethnotheory
a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture
Proximal Parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby with frequent holding and touching
Distal parenting
caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching
Synchrony
a coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
becomes more frequent and more elaborate
helps infants learn to read others’ emotions and to develop the skills of social interaction
usually begins with parents imitating infants
still-face technique
an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant
attachment
a lasting emotional bond that one person has with another
begins to form in early infancy and influence a person’s close relationships throughout life
Proximity seeking
approaching caregiver
contact-maintaining
touching and holding
secure attachment
an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
insecure- avoidant attachment
an infant avoids connection with the caregiver as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure or return
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
an infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident as when the infant becomes very upset at separations from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact reunion
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return
Strange situation
a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to stress of various adults coming and going in an unfamiliar playroom
exploration of toys (secure toddlers play), reaction to the caregiver’s departure (secure toddlers miss the caregiver), reaction to the caregiver’s return (secure toddlers welcome them back)
social referencing
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions
Fathers as social partners
usually spend less time with infants than mothers do, less involved parents
father-infant relationships can teach infants appropriate expressions of emotion
tend to engage in more high-intensity play
family day care
child care that includes several children of various ages and usually occurs int he home of a woman who is paid to provide it
center day care
child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children
usually the children are grouped by age, the day care center is licensed and providers are trained and certified in child development
