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Child Development 1 > Test 1 chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Test 1 chapter 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Science of Human development

A

seeks to understand how and why people change over time

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2
Q

Steps of the Scientific Method

A
  1. curiosity
  2. develop a hypothesis
  3. test the hypothesis
  4. draw conclusions
  5. report the results
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3
Q

hypothesis

A

the question your experiment will aim to answer

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4
Q

Replication

A

repeating the procedures and methods of a study with different participants
how studies are verified

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5
Q

Empirical Evidence

A

observations, experience or experiments tested over and over with similar results

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6
Q

cross sectional research

A

a group of people of one age are compared with a similar group of people of another age
most convenient, quickest and least expensive way to study developmental changes over time
does not always indicate process of development

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7
Q

longitudinal research

A

collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals
useful in studying development over many years
uncovers links that cross-sectional research does not
more time and resource intensive

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8
Q

Cohort-sequential research

A

researchers study several groups of people of different ages and follow them over the years
allows disentanglement of age and historical context

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9
Q

Nature

A

the influence of the genes that people inherit

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10
Q

Nurture

A

the enviornmental influences

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11
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

family income, parent’s education and occupation

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12
Q

Ethnic group

A

ancestral heritage, national origin, religion, language

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13
Q

Critical Period

A

a time when something must occur to ensure normal development or the only time when an abnormality might occur

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14
Q

Sensitive Period

A

a particular development occurs more easily but not exclusively at a particular time

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15
Q

plasticity

A

the idea that abilities, personality and other human characteristics can change over time

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16
Q

Ecological systems approach

A

a perspective on human development that considers all the influences from the various contexts of development

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17
Q

cohort

A

people born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies and cultural shifts at the same age
(the internet on different generations)

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18
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is introduced to see the effect it has on the dependent variable

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19
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that changes as a result of the new condition

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20
Q

Survey

A

a research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires or some other means

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21
Q

correlation

A

exits between two variables if one is more or less likely to occur when the other does
positive they both go up
negative they go in opposite directions

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22
Q

qualitative research

A

asking open ended questions, reporting answers in a narrative

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23
Q

quantitative research

A

test scores
numbers
data research

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24
Q

code of ethics

A

a set of moral principles or guidelines that members of a profession or group are expected to follow

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25
Q

difference-equals-deficit error

A

the belief that a deviation from the norm is inferior to behavior that meets the standards

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26
Q

Developmental Theory

A

a systematic statement of general principles that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older

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27
Q

norm

A

an average or usual event or experience

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28
Q

grand theories

A

comprehensive, enduring and widely applied (not universally accepted)
Psychoanalytic, behaviorism and cognitive theories

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29
Q

psychoanalytic Theory

A

inner drives, deep motives and unconscious needs rooted in childhood
Developed by Freud and Erikson

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30
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A 
Freud
irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior
1. oral stage (0-1y)
2. anal stage (1-3y)
3. Phallic stage (3-6y)
4. Latency (6-11y)
5. genital stage (adolescence)
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31
Q

Psychosocial theory

A

Erikson

  1. trust v mistrust (0-1y)
  2. autonomy v. shame/doubt (1-3y)
  3. Initiative v. guilt (3-6y)
  4. industry v. inferiority (6-11y)
  5. identity v. role confusion (adolescence)
  6. intimacy v. isolation/ generativity v. stagnation/ integrity v. despair (adulthood)
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32
Q

Behaviorism

A

Watson
studies observable behavior, describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
Focuses on conditioning

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33
Q

Conditioning

A

the process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli

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34
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov

learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus

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35
Q

operant conditioning

A

BF Skinner
the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or something unwanted
Uses reinforcements

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36
Q

Reinforcement

A

consequences that increase the frequency or strength of a particular action

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37
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Bandura
An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people ave over a person’s behavior
Uses modeling

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38
Q

Modeling

A

a person observes the actions of others and then copies them

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39
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Piaget

  1. sensorimotor (0-2y)
  2. Preoperational (2-6y)
  3. concrete operational (6-11y)
  4. formal operational (12-adulthood)
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40
Q

Cognitive equilibrium

A

a state of mental balance, no confusion

41
Q

assimilation

A

new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas

42
Q

Accommodation

A

old ideas are restructured to include new experiences

43
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Vygotsky

development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces

44
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

a metaphorical area surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge and concepts that the person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help

45
Q

Apprenticeship in thinking

A

how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society

46
Q

guided participation

A

people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

47
Q

humanism

A

Maslow
stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture

48
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

everyone has the same basic needs and drives

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

49
Q

Eclectic Theory

A

takes a little bit from each of the different theories

this is the one used by most professionals

50
Q

Genes

A

a small section of a chromosome

the basic unit for the transmission of heredity

51
Q

heterozygous genes

A

two genes of one pair that differ in some way

52
Q

homozygous genes

A

two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code

53
Q

DNA

A

the chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins

54
Q

Chromosome

A

46 molecules of DNA that each cell has that contain all the genes
arranged into 23 pairs

55
Q

Genome

A

the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

56
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

multiples that form from the same zygote

DNA is identical

57
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

multiples that form from two separate zygotes

DNA is about 50% identical

58
Q

Allele

A

a variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristic

59
Q

Gamete

A

a reproductive cell

egg or sperm

60
Q

zygote

A

a single cell formed by the union of two gametes

61
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s entire genetic inheritance

62
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of a person

appearance, personality, intelligence

63
Q

polygenetic

A

traits that are affected by many genes

64
Q

multifactorial

A

traits that are influenced by many factors

65
Q

epigenetics

A

the environmental factors that affect genes and gene experssion

66
Q

stem cell

A

cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form

67
Q

Additive genes

A

the phenotype reflects the contributions of every gene that is involved
a combination of the inherited genes

68
Q

Dominant-recessive pattern

A

the interaction of a herozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reflects one allele (the dominant) more than the other (the recessive)

69
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21
a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46 with 3 chromosomes at the 21st site
Distinctive characteristics including unusual facial features, heart abnormalities and language difficulties

70
Q

X-linked trait

A

a trait or disorder carried and passed on through the X chromosome

71
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technology

A

a general term for the techniques that help infertile couples conceive and sustain a pregnancy

72
Q

In Vitro Fertiziation

A

takes place outside a woman’s body
involves mixing sperm with ova surgically removed from the woman’s ovary
if a zygote is produced it is inserted into a woman’s uterus where it may implant and develop into a baby

73
Q

Genetic counseling

A

consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children
tests are confidential and the decisions are made by the clients

74
Q

Germinal period

A

first two weeks of prenatal development after conception
rapid cell division/cell differentiation
50% of miscarriages occur

75
Q

Embryonic period

A

weeks 3-8

basic forms of all body structures develop

76
Q

fetal period

A

week 9-birth

organs become more mature and function on their own

77
Q

Implantation

A

10 days after conception

the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus

78
Q

placenta

A

the organ that surrounds and protects the developing creature

79
Q

Cephalo-Caudal

A

pattern of development literally meaning “head to tail”

80
Q

primitive streak

A

developing neural tube which eventually becomes the central nervous system

81
Q

Age of Viability

A

the age at which a fetus might be able to survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available

82
Q

teratogens

A

agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death
effect all women differently due to the threshold effect

83
Q

threshold effect

A

when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level

84
Q

behavioral teratogen

A

agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning

85
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

a cluster of birth defects that may occur in the fetus of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant
includes abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth and slowed mental development
occurs early in pregnancy

86
Q

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)

A

occur later in pregnancy

lead to hyperactivity, poor concentration, impaired spatial reasoning and slow learnign

87
Q

Sonogram

A

an image of a fetus produced by using high frequency sound waves

88
Q

Labor

A

1st stage- cervix dilates to allow passage of the baby’s head which moves to the birth canal
2nd stage- the baby moves through the birth canal and is delivered
3rd stage- the placental is delivered, usually naturally

89
Q

Cesarean Section

A

the fetus is removed through an incision in the mother’s abdomen

90
Q

Apgar scale

A

a quick assessment of a newborn’s health

color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone and respiratory effort scored on a scale of 0-2

91
Q

Brazelton Neonational Behavioral Assessment Scale

A

a test that measures responsiveness

records behaviors including 20 reflexes

92
Q

Reflexes

A

involuntary response to a particular stimulus

breathing, thrashing, shivering, sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting up

93
Q

Babinski reflex

A

when feet are stroked, their toes fan upward

94
Q

stepping reflex

A

when held upright with feet touching a flat surface, infants move their legs as if to walk

95
Q

swimming reflex

A

when laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and legs

96
Q

Palmar grasping reflex

A

when something touches the infant’s palms, they grip it tightly

97
Q

Moro Reflex

A

when something startles them, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chest, as if to hold onto something while crying with wide-open eyes

98
Q

Kangaroo Care

A

a type of care when the newborn lays on the naked chest of the mother or father

99
Q

Post Pardon Depression

A

experienced by 8-15% of women

Child Development 1 (4 decks)

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