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Nursing 1 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Work of Breathing

A

The effort required to expand and contract the lungs

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2
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

3.5-5.5 mEq/L

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3
Q

Decongestant (purpose)

A

Narrows blood vessels, leading to cleaning of nasal congestion

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4
Q

Low Flow oxygen (list)

A
  • Nasal Cannula (1-6 L)
  • Oximizer- 8L
  • Facemask
  • –Simple 6-12 L
  • –Partial Rebreather and non-rebreather (10-15 L) bags should remain partially inflated
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5
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Blocker

medications

A 
"LOL" Drugs 
Cardio selective: 
-Acebutolol HCL  
-Atenolol 
-Betaxolol 
-Metoprolol

Non-selective:

  • Bisoprolol
  • Carvedilol
  • Nadolol
  • Pindolol
  • Labetalol
  • Propranolol
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6
Q

What is a bronchoscopy

A

A visual exam using a bronchoscope

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7
Q

PO2 (ABG)

A

80-100 mm Hg

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8
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

A
  • Verapamil
  • Diltiazem HCL
  • Amlodipine
  • Nicardipine HCL
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9
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A
  • 4%-6% indicative of MI within 4-6 hours of an MI

- Troponin: ( <0.03 ng/ml) — after myocardial injury

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10
Q

Explain Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from higher to lower concentrations, takes place when O2 passes into the capillary bed to be circulated and CO2 leaves the capillary bed and diffuses into the alveoli for ventilator excretion.

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11
Q

How should you stop Beta Blockers and why?

A

Do not stop beta blockers abruptly, it may lead to angina, MI, rebound hypertension, and dysrhythmias

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12
Q

What is hemothorax

A

Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural space, usually from trauma

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13
Q

Lipid Lowering Agents (purpose)

A

Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the liver

-prescribed with bp meds

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14
Q

Lipid Lowering Agents (medications)

A

Statin Drugs:

Lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin

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15
Q

Adrenergic (medications)

A
  • Proventil

- Ventolin

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16
Q

Hazards of O2

A

combustion

drying of mucous membranes

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17
Q

Explain Perfusion

A

Involves blood flow at the alveolar- capillary bed. Influenced by alveolar pressure. For gas exchange to occur the perfusion of each alveolus must be matched by adequate ventilation

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18
Q

HCO3 (ABG)

A

21-28 mEq/L

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19
Q

SaO2 (ABG)

A

95%-100%

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20
Q

High Flow oxygen (list)

A
  • Venturi Mask
  • High flow nasal Cannula (HFNC)

-High flow: combination of heat and humidity to minimize damage to mucous membranes

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21
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

A state of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism

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22
Q

Drugs Interacting with Grapefruit Juice

A

Atenolol, Losartan, Valsartan, Verapamil, Diltiazem HCL, Nicardipine HCL, Isosorbide mononitrate, Lovastatin, Simvastatin

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23
Q

What is hypoventilation

A

Occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What is Orthopnea?

A

-An abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier, or sits leaning forward with arms elevated

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25
Q

Corticosteroids (medications)

A
  • Prednisone
  • Deltasone
  • Medrol - dose pack
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26
Q

Adrenergic (purpose)

A

relaxes the smooth muscles in the lungs which results in bronchodilation

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27
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (purpose)

A

inhibits the formation of angiotensin II vasoconstrictor and blocks the release of aldosterone

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28
Q

Cardiac Glycosides

A
  • Inhibits the Na/K pump

- Used to treat heart failure and irregular heartbeats

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29
Q

Midodrine (purpose)

A

Lowers BP

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30
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Bronchial dilator:

  • Atrovent
  • Spiriva
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31
Q

Cholesterol levels

A

Total: <200 mg/dL
mod risk: 200-240
high risk- >240

LDL (bad): 60-160
HDL (good): 29-77

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32
Q

Different types of lung volumes

A

Tidal Volume: the amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration

Residual volume: amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration

Forced vital capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

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33
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

patient may become cyanotic “blue”

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34
Q

Nursing Diagnosis for alterations in oxygenation

A
  • Imparied Cardiac Output
  • Acute Pain
  • Activity Intolerance
  • Risk for Activity Intolerance
  • Impaired Airway clearance
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35
Q

What is Apnea?

A

-Absence of respirations for apnea is 15-20 seconds or longer

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36
Q

Thiazide (diuretic)

A

Promotes Na, Cl, and H2O excretion.

Most common Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Usually used with antihypertension meds

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37
Q

Importance when administering Digoxin

A

Check apical pulse for 1 full minute prior to administration and monitor K levels

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38
Q

What is anemia

A

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity (anemia)

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39
Q

What is a Pulmonary Function Test

A

determins ability of the lungs to efficiently exchange O2 and CO2

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40
Q

Digoxin

A

Found in digitalis (foxgloves) plants.

Antidote for dig toxicity is digifab

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41
Q

What to instruct patients taking captopril

A

Rise slowly, may cause lightheadedness

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42
Q

Dig Toxicity

A

> 2ng/ml

  • Bradycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, headaches, malaise, blurred vision, visual illusions, confusion, and delirium.
  • White, yellow, or green halos, around objects)
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43
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

air enters the pleural space and cannot escape

-space is filling with air as the lung collapses. As a result the heart and great vessels shift to the unaffected side.

MEDICAL EMERGENCY

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44
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

collection of air in the pleural space.

the loss of negative intrapleural pressure causes the lung to collapse

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45
Q

What is thoracentesis and what is it used for?

A

-surgical perforatin of chest wall and pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

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46
Q

What is a chest tube

A

a catheter is inserted into the pleural space to remove the air, blood, fluids or to reestablish normal pressure

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47
Q

Nitrates (purpose)

A

cause coronary and vascular dilation

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48
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low levels of O2 in your blood.

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49
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Blocker (purpose)

A

Reduce cardiac output, heart rate, contractility and renin release

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50
Q

Corticosteroids (purpose)

A

Decreases inflammation

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51
Q

Noninvasive Ventilation (list)

A
  • Continuous postitive airway pressure (CPAP)
  • Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)

–positive pressure ventilation- uses positive pressure to keep alveoli open, improve gas exchange

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52
Q

Complications of traceostomy

A
  • Tube obstruction
  • tube dislodgement
  • accidental decannulation
  • pneumothorax
  • subcutaneous emphysema
  • bleeding
  • infection
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53
Q

Digoxin Level

A

0.5-2ng/ml

toxic range >2ng/ml

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54
Q

Brain Natriuitic Peptide (BNP)

A

<100 pg/ml

increased levels may be used to determine severity of CHF

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55
Q

Problems with Lisinopril

A

Causes a persistent dry non productive cough and angioedema in African Americans

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56
Q

What is a Lung Scan

A

Nuclear scanning test used to ID abnormal masses by size and location

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57
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (medication)

A

Thiazide

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58
Q

Fludrocortisone (purpose)

A

Lowers BP

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59
Q

Furosemide

A

Lasix

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60
Q

Calcium channel blockers (purpose)

A

Block the calcium channel promoting vasodilation

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61
Q

What is Hypovolemia

A

Dehydration

-leads to hypoxia to body tissues

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62
Q

Ph (ABG)

A

7.35-7.45

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63
Q

Nitrates (Medications)

A
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Isosorbide denitrate
  • Isosorbide mononitrate
  • Nitroprusside
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64
Q

What is Hemoptysis, and what would you test for if a patient has it

A
  • bloody sputum

- TB test, negative pressure room

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65
Q

PCO2 (ABG)

A

35-45 mm Hg

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66
Q

Antihistamine (purpose)

A

H1 blockers or H1 antagonist, complete with histamine for receptor sites and prevent a histamine reaction.

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67
Q

Antihistamine (medication)

A

Benadryl

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68
Q

Loop (diuretics)

A

Act on loop of Henle to inhibit chloride transport of Sodium into the circulation and inhibit passive reabsorption of Na

  • furosemide
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69
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor (ARB) (medications)

A

TAN meds

  • Losartan
  • Valsartan
  • Candesartan
  • Eprosartan
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70
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (purpose)

A

Similar to ACE inhibitors, difference block angiotensin II at the angiotensin 1 receptors

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71
Q

Angiodema

A

Swelling of the face, extremities, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty swallowing or breathing

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72
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

Primary function is to move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange

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73
Q

Nonpharmacological treatments for BP

A
  • Stress reduction
  • Exercise
  • Diet (low salt)
  • Decreased ETOH
  • Smoking cessation
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74
Q

What receptors control the process of ventilation

A

Neural: control the rate, depth, and rhythm

Chemical: controls the appropriate rate and depth of rate and depth of respirations based on changes in CO2, O2, and H+ concentration in the blood

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75
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzymes Inhibitors (Medications)

A

ACE Inhibitors
“il” meds

Benazepril, Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril

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76
Q

Explain Ventilation

A

movement of air from the atmosphere through the airways to the alveoli.

  • Inspiration: air moves into the lungs
  • Expiration: air is moved out of the lungs
77
Q

Objectives for Caring

A
  • Discuss the role of caring in the nurse-client relationship
  • Discuss ways the nurses can express caring and how it benefits the nurse-client relationship
  • Describe the therapeutic benefit of listening to patients
78
Q

Objectives for Culture

A
  • Discuss social and cultural influences on health, illness, and caring patterns
  • Discuss stereotypes and assumptions related to culture and ethnicity, including ways to avoid them in nursing care
  • Discuss ethical and legal issues related to culture
79
Q

Objectives for Health

A
  • Describe the relationship between faith, hope, and spiritual well-being
  • Compare and contrast the concepts of religion and spirituality
  • Identify components of a spiritual assessment and the nurses’ role in promoting spiritual health
  • Discuss ethical and legal issues related to spirituality
80
Q

Explain caring:

A

A universal phenomenon that influences the way we think, feel, and behave

81
Q

Theoretical Views on Caring

A
  • Caring is primary

- Caring helps you provide patient-centered care

82
Q

Leininger’s Transcultural Caring

A
  • Caring is an essential human need
  • Caring helps to protect, develop, nurture, and sustain people.
  • Caring helps an individual or group improve a human condition
83
Q

Watson’s Transpersonal Caring

A
  • Promotes healing and wholeness
  • Rejects the disease orientation to health care
  • Places care before cure
  • Emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship
84
Q

Swanson’s Theory of Caring

A
  • Defines caring as a nurturing way of relating to an individual
  • States that caring is a central nursing phenomenon but is not necessarily unique to nursing practice
85
Q

A patient is experiencing dehydration. While planning care, the nurse considers that the majority of the patient’s total water volume exist in which compartment?

  • Transcellular
  • Extracellular
  • Intravascular
  • Intracellular
A

Intracellular-

inside the cells, fluid accounts for approximately two thirds of total body water.

86
Q 
Which electrolyte is the major cation of extracellular fluid (ECF)? 
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Phosphorus
A

Sodium

87
Q

A nurse delegates the task of intake and output to a new nursing assistant. The student will verify that the nursing assistant understands the task of I&O when the nursing assistant states,
A. “I will record the amount of all voided urine.”
B. “I will not count liquid stools as output.”
C. “I will not record a café mocha as intake.”
D. “I will notate perspiration and record it as a small or large amount.”

A

A. “I will record the amount of all voided urine.”

88
Q

Total body water (TBW) through the life

A
  • 60% of body weight in adult males
  • Decreases with age; 45-55% in older adults
  • Women have less water content than men
  • Infants 70-80%
89
Q

what is Intracellular (ICF)

A

located inside the cells; approximately 40% of the total body water. Potassium (K), phosphorus, and magnesium (mg)

90
Q

What is Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

located outside the cells; sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3), Calcium (Ca)

91
Q

Extracellular Fluid makes up what part of TBW?

A

20%

92
Q

What is intravascular fluid

A

the liquid part of the blood (plasma)

93
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

between the cells and outside of the blood vessel

94
Q

What is transcellular fluid (fluid space)

A

Fluids such as cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids

95
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

compound that separates into ions (charged particles) when it dissolves in water

96
Q

What are Cations and anions

A

Positively charged ions
sodium

negatively charged ions

97
Q

What is osmolality

A

The number of particles per kilogram

98
Q

What is tonicity

A

A measurement of the concentration of IV solutions compared with the osmolarity of body fluids

99
Q

Explain isotonic

A

a fluid with the same tonicity as normal blood

100
Q

Explain Hypotonic

A

a solution more dilute than blood

101
Q

Explain Hypertonic

A

a solution more concentrated than blood

102
Q

What is Active transport

A

requires energy (ATP) to move electrolytes across cell membranes against the concentration gradient (from an are of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration)

103
Q

What is diffusion

A

Passive movement of electrolytes down a concentration gradient (from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower conectration)

104
Q

What is osmosis

A

process by which water moves through a membrane that separates fluids with different particle concentrations.

105
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface

106
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)

A

inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that helps move fluid from the interstitial are back into the capillaries

107
Q

What is edema

A

accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

Causes:

  • Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
  • Increase in capillary permeability
  • Lymph channel obstruction obstruction (lymphedema)
108
Q

What is normal fluid intake and absorption

A

average 2300 mL

109
Q

Where is thirst control mechanism located?

A

The thalamus of the brain

110
Q

Fluid output occurs through where

A

skin, GI tract, lungs, and kidneys

111
Q

Insensible vs Sensible

A

Insensible: continuous water loss through the lungs and skin without awareness and is not measured.

Sensible: can be perceived by the senses and is measurable: Urine, blood, sweat, diarrhea and vomit.

112
Q

What is an antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Regulates the osmolarity (particles) of the body fluids by influencing how much water is excreted in urine

113
Q

What is Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A

regulates ECF volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in urine; also regulates BP

114
Q

What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

regulates ECT volume by influencing how much Na and H2O are excreted in the urine

115
Q

What is hypovolemia

A

extracellular volume deficit, decrease in the amount of fluid

116
Q

What is extracellular volume excess

A

increase amount of fluid (increase in Na)

117
Q

What is osmolality (particles) imbalances

A

disturbances of the concentration of body fluids

118
Q

Hypernatremia

A

High Sodium

119
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low Sodium

120
Q

Low potassium

A

Hypokalemia

121
Q

High Potassium

A

Hyperkalemia

122
Q

High Calcium

A

Hypercalcemia

123
Q

Low calcium

A

hypocalcemia

124
Q

Low magnesium

A

Hypomagnesemia

125
Q

High magnesium

A

Hypermagnesemia

126
Q

Normal range of sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

127
Q

What do the cells do in hypernatremia

A

cells shrivel

128
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A

thirst, dry, sticky mucous membranes, agitation, confusion, muscle weakness, increased temp, pulse and BP and lethargy

129
Q

What is a major ICF cation

A

Potassium

130
Q

Acid balances effects on K+ levels

A

Acidic pulls K+ out of the ICF

Alkaline pushes K+ into the ICF

131
Q

Normal potassium levels

A

3.5-5.5 mEq

132
Q

What does potassium effect

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle activity

it is essential for neuromuscular activity and cellular metabolism

133
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A

reduced intake of potassium and increased loss of potassium, diarrhea, and vomiting

134
Q

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

A

muscle weakness, fatigue, decreased deep tendon reflexes, weak, irregular pulse, N/V, abdominal distention, decreased bowel sounds, and cardiac dsrthymias

135
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

increased intake and absorption, shift of K+ into the ECF and decreased K+ output

136
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

muscle weakness fatigue, slow weak, irregular pulse, nausea, abdominal cramps, increased bowel sounds, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest

137
Q

Normal calcium value

A

8.8-10.5 mg/dl

138
Q

What does calcium influence

A

Influences excitability of nerve and muscle cells; necessary for muscle contraction; needed for the development of bone and teeth

139
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

inadequate GI absorption, diarrhea, low vitamin D levels, meds such as steroids, furosemide

140
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

influences excitability or nerve and muscle cells, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, tetany, seizure, palpitations, dysrhythmias

141
Q

Causes of Hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, excess vitamin D, prolonged immobility, meds such as thiazides

142
Q

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

A

Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, impaired renal function, kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bone pain, osteoporosis, pathological fractures

143
Q

Magnesium normal value

A

1.6-2.6 mg/L

144
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

decreased mag intake and absorption, malnutrition, chronic alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, meds such as diuretics

145
Q

Side effects of hypomagnesia

A

muscle cramps and twitching, tetany, seizures, dysrhythmias, hypertension, and disorientation

146
Q

Causes of Hypermagnesemia

A

excessive use of Mg containing laxatives, and antacids, parenteral overload of magnesium

147
Q

Effects of hypermagnesemia

A

lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoactive, deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest

148
Q

What is a major ECF buffer

A

HCO3

149
Q

What are the acid excretion systems

A

lungs- carbonic acid-secreted by the lungs in the form of CO2 and H2O kidneys- metabolic acids are secreted by the kidneys

150
Q

What is acidosis and alkalosis

A

Acidosis 6.80- 7.25

Alkalosis 7.5-7.80

Normal pH is 7.35-7.45

151
Q

What is acidosis

A

Condition that tends to make the blood relatively too acidic

can be metabolic or respiratory

152
Q

What is alkalosis

A

Condition that tends to make the blood relatively too basic

can be metabolic or respiratory

153
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

low pH
high paCO2

  • the lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2
154
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

high pH
low paCO2

-the lungs excrete too much carbonic acid

155
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A
  • low pH
  • low HCO3
  • occurs from an increase of metabolic acid or a decrease of base
156
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis

A
  • high pH
  • high HCO3
  • occurs from a direct increase of base (HCO3-), or a decrease of metabolic acid
157
Q

What are colloids

A

solution that contain protein or large molecular substances that increase osmolality without dissolving in the solution (Albumin)

158
Q

What kind of blood and blood products are there

A

packed RBC’s plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate (precipitate of thawed FFP)

159
Q

What are crystalloids

A

contains fluids and electrolytes and freely cross capillary walls

  • isotonic
  • hypotonic
  • hypertonic
160
Q

Isotonic examples

A
  • same osmolality as ECF, used for hydration and to expand ECF
  • solutions-LR, 0.9% NaCl, and 5% Dextrose (DSW) in water
161
Q

Hypotonic examples

A

less osmolality than ECF, decreases osmolatity by diluting body fluids and moving into the ICF and interstitial spaces. Causes cells to swell

Solutions: 0.45% NaCl, 0.33% NaCl
0.225% NaCl

May cause hemolysis (cell death), low Bp, and hypovolemia

162
Q

Hypertonic examples

A
  • greater osmolality than ECF; pulls water from ICF, causes cells to shrink, monitor for the signs of circulatory overload
  • solutions 3% NaCl, 5% NaCl, 5% Dextrose in 0.45% NaCl (D5W1/2NS), 5% Dectrose and 0.9% NaCl (D5NS), 5% Dextrose in LR (D5LR), 10% Dextrose in water (D10W)
163
Q

Explain Rh factor

A

-antigen in RBC membranes,, people who have this antigen are considered Rh positive; people without the antigen are Rh negative. People who are Rh negative only receive Rh negative blood

164
Q

Transfusion Reactions

A
  • Hemolytic (acute) chills, fever, low back pain
  • Febrile (most common) rigors, fever
  • Mild allergic reaction- flushing, itching, and hives
  • Anaphylactic reaction- anxiety urticaria, dyspnea, wheezing
165
Q

What do you do if a patient has a reaction to an infusion

A

Stop the infusion immediately.

Keep the IV line open by replacing the IV tubing with new IV tubing and IV fluids, do not turn off the blood and simply turn on the NS, notify physician, monitor vitals, prepare to administer emergency drugs, prepare to administer CPR

166
Q

Types of IV catheters

A

Short term use: Peripheral catheters (PIV)
Triple Lumen catheter (TLC)

  • Implanted ports
  • Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC)
  • midline catheter (ML)
  • Hickman catheter
167
Q

Complications of Vascular Assist Devices

A

Infiltration- IV fluids (IVF) leaks into the interstitial

Phlebitis- inflammation of the vein

Infection- invasion and multiplication of a pathogenic organism within the IV site

Extravasation- vesicant leaks into the interstitial compartment causing tissue damage

168
Q

What is the purpose of diuretics?

A
  • Reduce hypertension

- Decrease edema

169
Q

Types of Diuretics

A
  • Thiazide
  • loop
  • Osmotic
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
  • potassium sparing
170
Q

Thiazide and thiazide like Diuretics (action, use and meds)

A

Action: Act on distal convoluted renal tubule. Promote Na, Cl, and H2O excretion

Use: Hypertension, peripheral edema

Meds: Chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone.

-use cautious in patients taking digoxin may cause digoxin toxicity

171
Q

Side effects/adverse reactions, contradictions of thiazide

A

-dizziness, headache, weakness, hypotension, Gi distress, constipation, hyperglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, urticarial, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, renal failure

172
Q

Nursing Process of Thiazides

A

Assessment: assess vital signs, weight, urine output and serum chem for baseline levels, check peripheral extremities for edema

  • for fluid overload and hypokalema
  • Planning: patient’s edema will be decreased
  • Interventions: monitor vital signs and electrolytes, observe for adverse effects, measure I & Os and suggest patient takes early in morning so sleep disturbances don’t occur, instruct about orthostatic hypotension
173
Q

Loop diuretics (action, side effects, adverse effects, and meds)

A

-Act on ascending loop of Henle, excrete sodium, water, potassium, calcium, magnesium

side effects: hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, dizziness, weakness, muscle cramps, headache, hearing loss, orthostatic hypotension,

Meds: Furosemide (Lasix), toresemide

174
Q

Osmotic diuretics (action, use, meds)

A

Action-increase sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle, excrete sodium, chloride, potassium, water

Use: Decrease ICP and IOP, promote excretion of toxic substances

Meds: Mannitol

175
Q

Osmotic Diuretics side effects

A

-Blurred vision, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, GI distress, acidosis, pulmonary edema, tachycardia,

Contradictions: heart disease, heart failure, renal failure.

176
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors (action, use, meds)

A

Action: excretes sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.

Use: primarily to decrease intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma

Meds: Acetazolamide (Diamox)

177
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors side effects

A

confusion, orthostatic hypotension, GI distress, metabolic acidosis, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, crystalluria, renal calculi, hemolytic anemia

178
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics (action, use, side effects, and meds)

A

Action: promote sodium/water excretion and potassium retention

Use: Edema due to heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver

Side effects: dizziness, headache, weakness, hyperkalemia, GI distress, paresthesia, photosensitivity, muscle cramps

Meds: Spironolactone (Aldactone), triamterene (Dyrenium)

179
Q

What is a patient’s perspective of caring

A
  • Connecting
  • Being present
  • Respecting values, beliefs, and health care choices
180
Q

Explain ethic of care

A

-an ethic of care is unique so professional nurses do not make professional decisions based solely on intellectual or analytical principles

181
Q

How can a nurse provide presence

A 
Being with the patient
Body Language
Listening
Eye contact
Tone of voice
Positive and encouraging attitude
182
Q

What does touch do

A
  • provides comfort

- creates a connection

183
Q

What does listening do

A
  • creates trust
  • open lines of communication
  • creates a mutual relationship
184
Q

What is social determinants of health

A

-the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age

185
Q

What groups are considered marginalized

A

Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, people of color, people who are physically or mentally challenged, and people who are not college educated

186
Q

What is intersectionality

A
  • A research and policy model used to study the complexities of peoples lives and experiences
  • Each of us is at the intersection of two categories: privilege and oppression
187
Q

Factors influencing spirituality

A 
Spiritual distress
Acute illness
Chronic illness
Terminal illness
Near Death experience
188
Q

Nursing diagnosis (Spirituality)

A 
Risk for spiritual distress
Defective spiritual distress
Hopelessness
Spiritual Distress
Decreased spiritual distress
189
Q

Implementation (spirituality)

A
  • Health promotion
  • Supportive healing relationship
  • Support systems
  • diet therapies
  • supporting rituals
  • prayer
  • meditation
  • supporting grief work

Nursing 1 (6 decks)

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