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General Biology One > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells.

A

Transformation

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2
Q

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

A

Bacteriophages

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3
Q

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.

A

Virus

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4
Q

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

A

Double helix

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5
Q

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

A

Antiparallel

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6
Q

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.

A

Semiconservative model

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7
Q

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

A

Origins of replication

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8
Q

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.

A

Replication fork

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9
Q

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.

A

Helicase

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10
Q

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.

A

Single-strand binding protein

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11
Q

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands.

A

Topoisomerase

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12
Q

A short polynucleotide with a free 3′ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.

A

Primer

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13
Q

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template.

A

Primase

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14
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of an existing chain.

A

DNA polymerase

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15
Q

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5′→3′ direction.

A

Leading strand

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16
Q

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5′→3′ direction away from the replication fork.

A

Lagging strand

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17
Q

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication.

A

Okazaki fragment

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18
Q

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3′ end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5′ end of another DNA fragment

A

DNA ligase

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19
Q

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.

A

Mismatch repair

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20
Q

An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.

A

Nuclease

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21
Q

The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule.

A

Telomere

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22
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

A

Chromatin

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23
Q

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.

A

Heterochromatin

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24
Q

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.

A

Euchromatin

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25
Q

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.

A

Transcription

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26
Q

A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

A

Messenger rna

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27
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.

A

Translation

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28
Q

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit.

A

Ribosome

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29
Q

An initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene.

A

Primary transcript

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30
Q

A genetic information system in which a series of three-nucleotide-long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain.

A

Triplet code

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31
Q

The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.

A

Template strand

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32
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal

A

Codon

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33
Q

Nontemplate strand of DNA, which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has thymine (T) instead of uracil (U).

A

Coding strand

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34
Q

On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis.

A

Reading frame

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35
Q

An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand.

A

RNA polymerase

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36
Q

A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.

A

Promoter

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37
Q

In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA.

A

Terminator

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38
Q

A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.

A

Transcription unit

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39
Q

In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA.

A

Start point

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40
Q

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.

A

Transcription factor

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41
Q

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.

A

Transcription initiation complex

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42
Q

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.

A

TATA box

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43
Q

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5′ and 3′ ends.

A

RNA processing

44
Q

A modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule.

A

5’ cap

45
Q

A sequence of 50–250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule.

A

Poly-A tail

46
Q

After synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons).

A

RNA splicing

47
Q

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing

A

Intron

48
Q

A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing

A

Exon

49
Q

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.

A

Spliceosome

50
Q

An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing.

A

Ribozyme

51
Q

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.

A

Alternative RNA splicing

52
Q

An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carrying it to the ribosome, where the tRNA recognizes the appropriate codon in the mRNA.

A

Transfer rna

53
Q

A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

A

Anticodon

54
Q

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.

A

Aminoacetyl-tRNA synthetase

55
Q

Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5′ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3′ end) of a codon.

A

Wobble

56
Q

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes

A

Ribosomsl rna

57
Q

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation.

A

P site

58
Q

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation.

A

A site

59
Q

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation.

A

E site

60
Q

A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell.

A

Signal peptide

61
Q

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER.

A

Signal-recognition particle

62
Q

A group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same messenger RNA molecule.

A

Polyribosome

63
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.

A

Mutations

64
Q

A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

A

Point mutation

65
Q

A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides.

A

Nucleotide-pair substitution

66
Q

silent mutation

A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype

A

Silent mutation

67
Q

A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

A

Missense mutation

68
Q

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

A

Nonsense mutation

69
Q

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

A

Insertion

70
Q

A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage.

A

Deletion

71
Q

A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.

A

Frameshift mutation

72
Q

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation.

A

Mutagen

73
Q

In bacterial and phage DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach.

A

Operator

74
Q

A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway.

A

Operon

75
Q

A protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, repressors bind to the DNA in or near the promoter

A

Repressor

76
Q

A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.

A

Regulatory gene

77
Q

A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape, allowing it to bind to the operator and switch an operon off.

A

Corepressor

78
Q

A specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor’s shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on.

A

Inducer

79
Q

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells.

A

Cyclic AMP

80
Q

The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome.

A

Differential gene expression.

81
Q

The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.

A

His tone acetylation

82
Q

The presence of methyl groups on the DNA bases (usually cytosine) of plants, animals, and fungi.

A

DNA methylation

83
Q

Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms that do not involve the nucleotide sequence.

A

Epigenetic inheritence

84
Q

A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by serving as a binding site for a transcription factor.

A

Control element

85
Q

A segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates

A

Enhancer

86
Q

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.

A

Alternative RNA splicing

87
Q

A small, single-stranded RNA molecule, generated from a double-stranded RNA precursor.

A

MicroRNA

88
Q

One of multiple small, single-stranded RNA molecules generated by cellular machinery from a long, linear, double-stranded RNA molecule.

A

small Interfering rna

89
Q

A mechanism for silencing the expression of specific genes.

A

RNA interference

90
Q

An RNA between 200 and hundreds of thousands of nucleotides in length that does not code for protein but is expressed at significant levels.

A

Long noncoding rna

91
Q

The process by which a cell or group of cells becomes specialized in structure and function.

A

Differentiation

92
Q

The development of the form of an organism and its structures.

A

Morphogenesis

93
Q

A maternal substance, such as a protein or RNA, that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.

A

Cytoplasmic determinant

94
Q

A process in which a group of cells or tissues influences the development of another group through close-range interactions.

A

Induction

95
Q

The progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops.

A

Determination

96
Q

The development of a multicellular organism’s spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space.

A

Pattern formation

97
Q

Molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell’s location relative to the organism’s body axes.

A

Positional formation

98
Q

Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.

A

Homeotic gene

99
Q

A mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva.

A

Embryonic lethal

100
Q

A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s genotype.

A

Maternal effect gene

101
Q

A maternal effect gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in Drosophila melanogaster.

A

Bicoid

102
Q

A substance, such as Bicoid protein in Drosophila, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis.

A

Morphogen

103
Q

A gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer.

A

Oncogene

104
Q

A normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene.

A

Proto-oncogene

105
Q

A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.

A

Tumor suppressor gene

106
Q

A gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle.

A

Rae gene

107
Q

A tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle.

A

P53 gene

General Biology One (4 decks)

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