Test 1 Flashcards
Bonding capacity of an atom
Valence
An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
Electronegativity
Bond where two atoms share a pair of valence electrons
Covalent bond
The atoms share the electrons equally
Nonpolar covalent bond
Atoms do not share the electrons equally
Polar covalent bond
Attractions between an anion and a cation
Ionic bond
A charged atom or molecule
Ion
A positively charged ion
Cation
A negatively charged ion
Anion
Compounds formed by ionic bonds
Ionic compound
When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
Hydrogen bond
Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of electrons accumulated in certain part of a molecule
Can der Waals interactions
The making and breaking of chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
Starting molecule in a chemical reaction
Reactant
Final molecule in a chemical reaction
Product
The average kinetic energy of the molecule in a body of matter
Temperature
The energy of motion
Kinetic energy
Random motion of atoms or molecules
Thermal energy
When the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
Chemical equilibrium
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
Heat
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C
Calorie
Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C
Specific heat
The heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas
Heat of vaporization
Results from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Emergent property
Way of organizing life forms
Taxa
An experimental group is compared with a control group
Controlled experiment
Manipulated variable
Independent variable
Affected variable
Dependent variable
General premise to make specific prediction
Deductive reasoning
Repeating specific observations to lead to important generalizations
Inductive reasoning
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
Element
A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio made of different elements
Compound
Consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Molecule
The capacity to cause charge
Energy
Energy that matter has because if it’s location or structure
Potential energy
An electron’s state of potential energy is called its energy level
Electron shell
Electrons found in the outermost shell, or valence shell
Valence electrons
Three-dimensional space when an electron is found 90% of the time
Electron orbitals
Number of protons in nucleus
Atomic number
The atom’s total mass, can be approximated by the mass number
Atomic mass
The sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
Mass number
Unit of measurement used to measure neutron mass and proton mass
Dalton
Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
Isotopes
Decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy
Radioactive isotope
A parent isotope decayed into its daughter isotope at a fixed rate
Half life
Interactions that result in atoms staying close together, held by attraction
Chemical bonds
As a liquid evaporates, it’s remaining survive cools
Evaporative cooling
A liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of substances
Solution
The dissolving agent of a solution
Solvent
The substance that is dissolved
Solute
Water is the solvent
Aqueous solution
Sphere of water surrounding an ionic compound dissolved in water
Hydration shell
Substance is one that has an affinity for water
Hydrophilic
Substance is one that does not have an affinity for water
Hydrophobic
Sum of all masses in a molecule
Molecular mass
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity
Hydrogen bonds collectively hold water molecules together
Cohesion
An attraction between different substances for example, between water and plant cell walls
Adhesion
A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
Surface tension
A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
Acid
A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (OH higher)
Base
Negative logarithm of the H+ concentration
PH
Substances that minimize charges in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
Buffers
The study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin
Organic chemistry
Organic molecules consisting of only carbons and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Isomers
Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Functional groups
Two monomers bond together through loss of water molecules
Dehydration reaction
Two monomers separate through gaining of water molecules
Hydrolysis
Sugars and the polymers of sugars
Carbohydrates
has The maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Saturated fat
Has one or more double bond
Unsaturated fat
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
Phospholipid
A type of steroid, and is a component in animal cells, membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
Cholesterol