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EoM Dr. Green > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Aldose

A

Monosaccharide with the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain

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2
Q

Anomers

A

Isomers of monosaccharides that differ in configuration about the C1 carbon

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3
Q

Diastereomers

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

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4
Q

Enantiomers

A

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

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5
Q

Epimers

A

2 stereoisomers that differ in configuration at one asymmetric center in a molecule having 2 or more asymmetric centers

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6
Q

Furanose

A

Sugar with a five sided ring structure

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7
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bonds between a sugar and another molecule such as a sugar, alcohol, purine, or pyrimidine

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8
Q

Hemiacetal

A

Ring structure formed in a monosaccharide by the reaction between an aldehyde group and an alcohol group on neighboring carbons

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9
Q

Hemiketal

A

Ring structure formed in a monosaccharide by the reaction between a ketone group and an alcohol group on neighboring carbons

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10
Q

Ketose

A

Monosaccharide with the carbonyl group not at the end of the carbon chain

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11
Q

Non reducing sugar

A

Sugar in which the anomeric carbon is involved in a glycosidic bond and cannot undergo oxidation

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12
Q

Pyranose

A

Sugar with a six sided ring structure

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13
Q

Reducing sugar

A

Sugar in which the anomeric carbon is not involved in a glycosidic bond and therefore can undergo oxidation

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14
Q

Nutrients

A

All constituents of food necessary to sustain normal functions of the body

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15
Q

Macronutrients

A

Proteins. Fats. Carbs

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16
Q

Micronutrients

A

Vitamins and minerals

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17
Q

Nutrient Balance

A

Net change in amount of nutrient within a persons body

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18
Q

Homeostasis

A

Short term ability to adjust

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19
Q

Adaptation

A

Long term adjustment

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20
Q

EAR

A

Estimated average requirement. Meets requirements of 1/2 of healthy individuals

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21
Q

RDA

A

Recommended daily allowance. Level sufficient to meet nutrient requirements of nearly all in a life stage and gender gp. (RDIntake)

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22
Q

AI

A

Adequate intake. Insufficient evidence to calculate EAR or RDA

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23
Q

UL

A

Tolerable upper limit. Highest average intake likely to pose no risk

24
Q

Daily reference values

A

Used for other nutrients known to have a significant impact on health and disease (I.e. fat, sat fat, cholesterol)

25
Q

Total energy expenditure

A

Reflects sum of the processes through which the body expends energy

26
Q

Dietary cholesterol

A

Found only in animal products. Does not alter total cholesterol as much as the amount and type of fat consumed

27
Q

Plant sterols

A

Inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol (Carry cholesterol out of enterocytes)

28
Q

Soy protein

A

May decrease LDL cholesterol in patients with high cholesterol

29
Q

Alcohol

A

Moderate consumption may increase HDL. Red wine also contains phenolic antioxidants

30
Q

Vit B6 B12 and folate

A

Enzymes that require these vitamins convert homocysteine to harmless aa

31
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose

32
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose

33
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

34
Q

Dietary fiber

A

Nondigestsble by human enzymes. Carbs and lignin

35
Q

Functional fiber

A

Had been shown to have health benefits

36
Q

Total fiber

A

Sum of dietary and functional fiber

37
Q

Soluble fiber

A

Fiber that forms a gel when mixed with water. Oats

38
Q

Insoluble fiber

A

Largely not digested. Cellulose

39
Q

Hyperglycemia/diabetes

A

Either insulin deficiency or absence as well as tissue resistance to insulin action. Leading to abnormal glucose levels in the blood

40
Q

Glycemic index

A

Attempt to quantify the degree of blood sugar rise caused by food. Clinical importance is controversial

41
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Inability to digest lactose to it’s monosac units for absorption

42
Q

Celiac sprue and celiac disease

A

Sprue in adults disease in children. Disorders characterized by malabsorption and or intolerance of gluten (protein found in wheat)

43
Q

Protein quality

A

Refers to completeness of the protein. Ability to provide all essential aa

44
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Measure of protein intake/excretion. Positive in times of tissue growth. Negative equates to loss of tissue, inadequate intake, lack of essential aa, physiological stress

45
Q

Marasmus

A

Typically very young child. Deficiency in protein and total calories

46
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Protein deficiency greater than calorie deficiency

47
Q

Lipids

A

Heterogeneous gp of cmpnds, can be extracted from tissues by nonpolar solvents. Hydrophobic cmpds that are relatively insoluble in water

48
Q

Fatty acids

A

Hydrocarbon chains of various lengths and degrees of i saturation with carboxylic acid gps

49
Q

Aliphatic carb acids

A

Chain of carbons w COOH gp at one end

50
Q

Refsum disease

A

Retinitis pigmentosa. Progressive peripheral neuropathy. Skeletal malformations. Severe motor weakness. Genetic def in Peroxisomes enzymes responsible for one of initial steps in oxidation of phytanic acid

51
Q

Isoprenoids

A

Any molecule made from 5C initiating cmpnt. Used in synthesis cholesterol

52
Q

Complex 1

A

NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase

53
Q

Complex 2

A

Succinct dehydrogenase

54
Q

Complex 3

A

Ubiquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase

55
Q

Complex 4

A

Cytochrome oxidase

EoM Dr. Green (4 decks)

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