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Bisc 102 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

This gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water lost in urine. (This gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.)

A

Posterior pituitary

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2
Q

This gland makes and secretes endorphines (pain relievers) and growth hormones (for all tissue.)

A

Anterior pituitary

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3
Q

Secretes calcitonin, which decreases the amount of calcium in the blood by depositing it in bone.

A

Thyroid

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4
Q

Secretes a hormone that does the exact opposite of calcitonin, which is needed for the body to perform other functions such as muscle contraction.

A

Parathyroid

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5
Q

Secretes epinepherine and norepinepherine as short-term stress responses. Works with the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Adrenal gland

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6
Q

What are the sections of the adrenal gland?

A

The medulla is the inner portion; the cortex is the outer portion.

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7
Q

Secretes an enzyme that regulates blood glucose levels, such as insulin and glucagon.

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

Produces melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle.

A

Pineal gland

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9
Q

Skeleton on the outside, made of chitin.

A

Exoskeleton

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10
Q

Skeleton providing internal support. Light weight, but strong and flexible.

A

Endoskeleton

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11
Q

Everything ‘down the middle,’ such as the skull, rib cage, and spinal column.

A

Axial skeleton

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12
Q

Arms, legs… Includes pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdle.

A

Appendicular skeleton

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13
Q

How many bones do we have?

A

206

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14
Q

What exists between bones and inbetween disks of vertebrae?

A

Cartilige

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15
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

12

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16
Q

Cartilage connects ribs to what?

A

Sternum

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17
Q

Bone that is solid around the edges.

A

Compact bone

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18
Q

Bone that distributes weight and pressure so the bone will not break.

A

Spongy bone

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19
Q

The shaft of a long bone consists of a ___

A

Marrow cavity

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20
Q

Where red blood cells and platelets are found. As one ages, this changes.

A

Red marrow

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21
Q

Does not produce any blood cells, but it can convert back if the body needs to replenish red blood cells.

A

Yellow marrow

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22
Q

What are stored in bones?

A

Phosphorous and calcium

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23
Q

What proteins give bone flexibility?

A

Elastin and collagen

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24
Q

An especially notable role of the skeleton is ___

A

Calcium homeostasis

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25
Q

If bone loses more calcium than added, then ___ develops.

A

Osteoporosis

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26
Q

Shows how cartilage amounts in bone decreases as one ages.

A

Embryonic cartilage model

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27
Q

Area where two bones meet

A

Joint

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28
Q

Connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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29
Q

Connect muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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30
Q

Describes our control of body openings, maintaining posture, communication, and maintaining body temperature.

A

Voluntary movements

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31
Q

Sections of myofibril that shortens when muscles contract

A

Sarcomeres

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32
Q

What is the order of muscle anatomy?

A

Muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, actin subunit

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33
Q

A released muscle is not activating any ___

A

Neurons

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34
Q

Study the steps of muscle contraction at a molecular scale. (April 23)

A

OK

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35
Q

Send impulses from the central nervous system to muscle cells

A

Motor neurons

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36
Q

The signal to contract is transmitted across synapses called ___

A

Neuromuscular junctions

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37
Q

The destruction of motor neurons means ___

A

Muscles will fail to contract (because they do not receive the signals to do so)

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38
Q

A resting muscle cell generates ATP in ___

A

Aerobic respiration

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39
Q

Where lactic acid builds up, causing a burning feeling in muscles

A

Anaerobic respiration

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40
Q

When actin cannot separate from myosin, it results in

A

Rigor mortis

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41
Q

Blood is the fluid of the ___

A

Circulatory system

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42
Q

The three major blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

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43
Q

Blood consists of cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called ___

A

Plasma

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44
Q

Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues using ___

A

Hemoglobin

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45
Q

Mostly designed to transport oxygen, originated from red bone marrow, and packed with hemoglobin.

A

Red blood cells

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46
Q

Plasma is mostly ___

A

Water

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47
Q

Alcohol ___ the rate at which blood clotting occurs.

A

Decreases

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48
Q

Has short, open-ended vessels, low pressure.

A

Open circulatory system

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49
Q

Where blood remains in the vessels, high pressure with blood moving fast.

A

Closed circulatory system

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50
Q

A closed circulatory systems has ___ chambers of the heart.

A

Two

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51
Q

An open circulatory system has ___ chambers of the heart.

A

Four

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52
Q

A widespread collection of cells and chemicals that defend the body against infections, cancer, and foreign substances.

A

Immune system

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53
Q

Disease-causing agents

A

Pathogens

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54
Q

Our first line of defense is

A

Skin

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55
Q

Two major subdivisions of the immune system

A

Innate defenses and adaptive immunity

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56
Q

Provides broad defense against any pathogens

A

Innate defense

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57
Q

Immune cells recognize and remember specific pathogens

A

Adaptive immunity

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58
Q

When temperatures get too high, it ___ proteins, fighting off infections.

A

Denatures

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59
Q

___ causes inflammation, dilating blood vessels, causing them to become more permeable.

A

Histamine

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60
Q

___ recruits immune components, which helps clean debris and create an environment hostile to microbes.

A

Inflammation

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61
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell-mediated and humoral

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62
Q

The target of an adaptive immune response is ___, a molecule that stimulates an immune reaction by B cells and T cells.

A

Antigen

63
Q

___ triggers both cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

A

Microphages

64
Q

Study the processes of adaptive immune responses. (April 27)

A

OK

65
Q

Because of ___, the secondary immune response is faster and stronger than the first.

A

Memory cells

66
Q

Stimulates active immunity against a pathogen without causing illness.

A

Vaccine

67
Q

The gonads of sexually reproducing individuals produce ___

A

Haploid gametes by meiosis

68
Q

Gametes unite at fertilization, forming ___

A

Diploid zygote

69
Q

Cell acquiring specialized functions

A

Differentiation

70
Q

Gene determine the overall shape and structure of an animal’s body in a process called ___

A

Pattern formation

71
Q

Organism spends most of its live in its larval form

A

Indirect development

72
Q

The immature form looks like a mini version of the adult

A

Direct development

73
Q

Referred to as the “Master Regulatory Genes” that regulate the formation/placement of specific structures

A

Homeotic genes

74
Q

Where sperm is produced

A

Testes

75
Q

Within each testis are tightly coiled ___

A

Seminiferous tubules.

76
Q

What is produced in the walls of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm

77
Q

Diploid germ cells divide by meiosis into ___, still diploids.

A

Spermatocytes

78
Q

Sperm’s ___ is on the outside to help it move.

A

Mitochondria

79
Q

Sperm cells have a cap called an ___ which helps it penetrate the jelly later of the egg.

A

Acrosome

80
Q

Each mature sperm cells has a ___ nucleus, long flagellum, mitochondria, and a cap-like acrosome.

A

Haploid

81
Q

In males and females, the hypothalamus secretes ___

A

GnRH

82
Q

In males and females, the anterior pituitary secretes ___, which in turn stimulates the testes to produce ___

A

FSH and LN, testosterone

83
Q

Eggs are produced in

A

Ovaries

84
Q

Eggs are released into the

A

Uterine tube

85
Q

Each oocyte is arrested in

A

Prophase I of meiosis

86
Q

Each month, after puberty behins, one primary oocyte completes meiosis I. Each developing oocyte is nestled in a fluid-filled

A

Follicle

87
Q

Meiosis I yields a secondary oocyte that is released from the ovary, an event called

A

Ovulation

88
Q

Meiosis I also yields a ___, a haploid cells that contains no cytoplasm.

A

Polar body

89
Q

If sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, ___

A

Meiosis II completes.

90
Q

FSH and LH stimulates the ___ to secrete ___

A

Ovaries, progesterone and estrogen

91
Q

The ___ controls oocyte maturation in the ovaries.

A

Ovarian cycle

92
Q

The follicle turns into ___

A

Corpus luteum

93
Q

___ prepares the uterus for prgnancy

A

Menstrual cycle

94
Q

If no pregnancy occurs, then the corpus luteum ___

A

Degrades

95
Q

Fertilization occurs in

A

The uterine tube

96
Q

Birth control pills contain synthetic forms of ___

A

Estrogen and progesterone

97
Q

What are the grouping of birth control?

A

Barriers and spermicies, hormonal, behavioral, and surgical.

98
Q

Know direction blood moves through the heart. (Google)

A

OK

99
Q

What are autosomes?

A

First 22 pairs chromosomes, not including the two that code for sex.

100
Q

Gene’s location on a chromosome.

A

Locus

101
Q

Germ cells are ___ which undergo meiosis to form four genetically identical ___ cells.

A

Haploid, diploid

102
Q

YY

A

Homozygous dominate

103
Q

Yy

A

Heterozygous

104
Q

yy

A

Homozygouse recessive

105
Q

Some genetic disorders are caused by a defective ___

A

Dominate alleles

106
Q

Know the product rule.

A

OK

107
Q

ALS is a disorder in which motor neurons are destroyed. How would this disease affect muscle function?

A

Muscles fail to contract because they do not receive the signal to do so.

108
Q

Meiosis I also yields a ___, a haploid cell that contains almost no cytoplasm.

A

Polar body

109
Q

Type of muscle underlies digestive system

A

Smooth

110
Q

Do humans have trouble digesting plant-based material?

A

Yes

111
Q

What process does not occur in the nephron?

A

Elimination

112
Q

What breaks down starch?

A

Amalayse

113
Q

In the middle of a cycle, a spike in ___ triggers a spike in LH, which cues ovulation.

A

Estrogen

114
Q

Digestion begins

A

In the mouth

115
Q

Are gametes produced through mitosis?

A

No

116
Q

How to endothermic maintain their body temperature?

A

Internally

117
Q

Order of signals passed down a neruon

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon

118
Q

Takes calcium from the bone and puts it back into the blood

A

Parathyroid gland

119
Q

Part of the brain that adjusts hormone production based on current hormone levels

A

Hypothalamus

120
Q

Review lobes of the brain.

A

OK

121
Q

Produces hormones that coordinate the action of other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary and hypothalamus

122
Q

-soluable molecule can pass through the target cell.

A

Lipid

123
Q

Fluid in semen mostly comes from

A

Seminal vesicle

124
Q

Corpus lumen produces large amounts of ___, which cues the uterine lining to thicken faster.

A

Progesterone

125
Q

If a part of one’s posterior pituitary gland is removed, what may happen?

A

Too much water will be lost in urine

126
Q

What part of the adrenal gland produces epinphrine and noepinephrine?

A

Medulla

127
Q

The sliding filmanet model is an example of

A

Muscle contraction

128
Q

What are the body’s tiniest blood vessels?

A

Capillaries

129
Q

What prevents food from getting into our airways?

A

Epiglottis

130
Q

What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

131
Q

Blood pressure in veins is

A

Low

132
Q

Sperm production begins with ___ germ cells that reside within the walls of the seminiferous tubules.

A

Diploid

133
Q

After how many days does the corpus lumens start to break down?

A

14

134
Q

What is the least effective method of birth control?

A

Behavioral

135
Q

Respiratory surfaces are

A

Large in area, make contact with air, and are moist

136
Q

Binding cites are hidden until ___ shows up

A

Clacium

137
Q

At the end of spermatogensis, the cells are ___

A

Haploids

138
Q

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

A

Aorta

139
Q

Deliverers oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

A

Pulmonary veins

140
Q

Carries oxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

A

Pulmonary arteries

141
Q

___ carries blood to the hear.

A

Veins

142
Q

___ carries blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

143
Q

Make sure to look at heart from “anatomical position/”someone facing you.

A

OK

144
Q

The ___ half of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

A

Right

145
Q

The ___ half of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

A

Left

146
Q

___ starts the heartbeat.

A

SA node

147
Q

Order of blood movement in heart.

A

Right atrium to right ventrical. Left atrium to left ventrical.

148
Q

Amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute.

A

Cardiac output

149
Q

As arteries get closer to a capillary bed, they constrict and become known as

A

Arteriole

150
Q

Only one cell layer thick, allowing water and substances to easily diffuse to body tissue.

A

Capillaries

151
Q

Blood pressure in these is low, therefore having a thinner layer of smooth muscle. Carries blood to the heart.

A

Veins

152
Q

Carries blood away from the heart. Has a thick layer of smooth muscle that can withstand high blood pressure.

A

Arteries

153
Q

Right side always has deoxygenated blood, left side always has oxygenated blood. No matter where the blood is coming from, it always enters the atrium first.

A

OK

Bisc 102 (4 decks)

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