Test 4 Flashcards
This gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water lost in urine. (This gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.)
Posterior pituitary
This gland makes and secretes endorphines (pain relievers) and growth hormones (for all tissue.)
Anterior pituitary
Secretes calcitonin, which decreases the amount of calcium in the blood by depositing it in bone.
Thyroid
Secretes a hormone that does the exact opposite of calcitonin, which is needed for the body to perform other functions such as muscle contraction.
Parathyroid
Secretes epinepherine and norepinepherine as short-term stress responses. Works with the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal gland
What are the sections of the adrenal gland?
The medulla is the inner portion; the cortex is the outer portion.
Secretes an enzyme that regulates blood glucose levels, such as insulin and glucagon.
Pancreas
Produces melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
Pineal gland
Skeleton on the outside, made of chitin.
Exoskeleton
Skeleton providing internal support. Light weight, but strong and flexible.
Endoskeleton
Everything ‘down the middle,’ such as the skull, rib cage, and spinal column.
Axial skeleton
Arms, legs… Includes pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdle.
Appendicular skeleton
How many bones do we have?
206
What exists between bones and inbetween disks of vertebrae?
Cartilige
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
Cartilage connects ribs to what?
Sternum
Bone that is solid around the edges.
Compact bone
Bone that distributes weight and pressure so the bone will not break.
Spongy bone
The shaft of a long bone consists of a ___
Marrow cavity
Where red blood cells and platelets are found. As one ages, this changes.
Red marrow
Does not produce any blood cells, but it can convert back if the body needs to replenish red blood cells.
Yellow marrow
What are stored in bones?
Phosphorous and calcium
What proteins give bone flexibility?
Elastin and collagen
An especially notable role of the skeleton is ___
Calcium homeostasis
If bone loses more calcium than added, then ___ develops.
Osteoporosis
Shows how cartilage amounts in bone decreases as one ages.
Embryonic cartilage model
Area where two bones meet
Joint
Connect bone to bone
Ligaments
Connect muscle to bone
Tendons
Describes our control of body openings, maintaining posture, communication, and maintaining body temperature.
Voluntary movements
Sections of myofibril that shortens when muscles contract
Sarcomeres
What is the order of muscle anatomy?
Muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, actin subunit
A released muscle is not activating any ___
Neurons
Study the steps of muscle contraction at a molecular scale. (April 23)
OK
Send impulses from the central nervous system to muscle cells
Motor neurons
The signal to contract is transmitted across synapses called ___
Neuromuscular junctions
The destruction of motor neurons means ___
Muscles will fail to contract (because they do not receive the signals to do so)
A resting muscle cell generates ATP in ___
Aerobic respiration
Where lactic acid builds up, causing a burning feeling in muscles
Anaerobic respiration
When actin cannot separate from myosin, it results in
Rigor mortis
Blood is the fluid of the ___
Circulatory system
The three major blood vessels
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
Blood consists of cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix called ___
Plasma
Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues using ___
Hemoglobin
Mostly designed to transport oxygen, originated from red bone marrow, and packed with hemoglobin.
Red blood cells
Plasma is mostly ___
Water
Alcohol ___ the rate at which blood clotting occurs.
Decreases
Has short, open-ended vessels, low pressure.
Open circulatory system
Where blood remains in the vessels, high pressure with blood moving fast.
Closed circulatory system
A closed circulatory systems has ___ chambers of the heart.
Two
An open circulatory system has ___ chambers of the heart.
Four
A widespread collection of cells and chemicals that defend the body against infections, cancer, and foreign substances.
Immune system
Disease-causing agents
Pathogens
Our first line of defense is
Skin
Two major subdivisions of the immune system
Innate defenses and adaptive immunity
Provides broad defense against any pathogens
Innate defense
Immune cells recognize and remember specific pathogens
Adaptive immunity
When temperatures get too high, it ___ proteins, fighting off infections.
Denatures
___ causes inflammation, dilating blood vessels, causing them to become more permeable.
Histamine
___ recruits immune components, which helps clean debris and create an environment hostile to microbes.
Inflammation
Types of adaptive immunity
Cell-mediated and humoral
The target of an adaptive immune response is ___, a molecule that stimulates an immune reaction by B cells and T cells.
Antigen
___ triggers both cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
Microphages
Study the processes of adaptive immune responses. (April 27)
OK
Because of ___, the secondary immune response is faster and stronger than the first.
Memory cells
Stimulates active immunity against a pathogen without causing illness.
Vaccine
The gonads of sexually reproducing individuals produce ___
Haploid gametes by meiosis
Gametes unite at fertilization, forming ___
Diploid zygote
Cell acquiring specialized functions
Differentiation
Gene determine the overall shape and structure of an animal’s body in a process called ___
Pattern formation
Organism spends most of its live in its larval form
Indirect development
The immature form looks like a mini version of the adult
Direct development
Referred to as the “Master Regulatory Genes” that regulate the formation/placement of specific structures
Homeotic genes
Where sperm is produced
Testes
Within each testis are tightly coiled ___
Seminiferous tubules.
What is produced in the walls of the seminiferous tubules?
Sperm
Diploid germ cells divide by meiosis into ___, still diploids.
Spermatocytes
Sperm’s ___ is on the outside to help it move.
Mitochondria
Sperm cells have a cap called an ___ which helps it penetrate the jelly later of the egg.
Acrosome
Each mature sperm cells has a ___ nucleus, long flagellum, mitochondria, and a cap-like acrosome.
Haploid
In males and females, the hypothalamus secretes ___
GnRH
In males and females, the anterior pituitary secretes ___, which in turn stimulates the testes to produce ___
FSH and LN, testosterone
Eggs are produced in
Ovaries
Eggs are released into the
Uterine tube
Each oocyte is arrested in
Prophase I of meiosis
Each month, after puberty behins, one primary oocyte completes meiosis I. Each developing oocyte is nestled in a fluid-filled
Follicle
Meiosis I yields a secondary oocyte that is released from the ovary, an event called
Ovulation
Meiosis I also yields a ___, a haploid cells that contains no cytoplasm.
Polar body
If sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, ___
Meiosis II completes.
FSH and LH stimulates the ___ to secrete ___
Ovaries, progesterone and estrogen
The ___ controls oocyte maturation in the ovaries.
Ovarian cycle
The follicle turns into ___
Corpus luteum
___ prepares the uterus for prgnancy
Menstrual cycle
If no pregnancy occurs, then the corpus luteum ___
Degrades
Fertilization occurs in
The uterine tube
Birth control pills contain synthetic forms of ___
Estrogen and progesterone
What are the grouping of birth control?
Barriers and spermicies, hormonal, behavioral, and surgical.
Know direction blood moves through the heart. (Google)
OK
What are autosomes?
First 22 pairs chromosomes, not including the two that code for sex.
Gene’s location on a chromosome.
Locus
Germ cells are ___ which undergo meiosis to form four genetically identical ___ cells.
Haploid, diploid
YY
Homozygous dominate
Yy
Heterozygous
yy
Homozygouse recessive
Some genetic disorders are caused by a defective ___
Dominate alleles
Know the product rule.
OK
ALS is a disorder in which motor neurons are destroyed. How would this disease affect muscle function?
Muscles fail to contract because they do not receive the signal to do so.
Meiosis I also yields a ___, a haploid cell that contains almost no cytoplasm.
Polar body
Type of muscle underlies digestive system
Smooth
Do humans have trouble digesting plant-based material?
Yes
What process does not occur in the nephron?
Elimination
What breaks down starch?
Amalayse
In the middle of a cycle, a spike in ___ triggers a spike in LH, which cues ovulation.
Estrogen
Digestion begins
In the mouth
Are gametes produced through mitosis?
No
How to endothermic maintain their body temperature?
Internally
Order of signals passed down a neruon
Dendrite, cell body, axon
Takes calcium from the bone and puts it back into the blood
Parathyroid gland
Part of the brain that adjusts hormone production based on current hormone levels
Hypothalamus
Review lobes of the brain.
OK
Produces hormones that coordinate the action of other endocrine glands
Pituitary and hypothalamus
-soluable molecule can pass through the target cell.
Lipid
Fluid in semen mostly comes from
Seminal vesicle
Corpus lumen produces large amounts of ___, which cues the uterine lining to thicken faster.
Progesterone
If a part of one’s posterior pituitary gland is removed, what may happen?
Too much water will be lost in urine
What part of the adrenal gland produces epinphrine and noepinephrine?
Medulla
The sliding filmanet model is an example of
Muscle contraction
What are the body’s tiniest blood vessels?
Capillaries
What prevents food from getting into our airways?
Epiglottis
What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
Blood pressure in veins is
Low
Sperm production begins with ___ germ cells that reside within the walls of the seminiferous tubules.
Diploid
After how many days does the corpus lumens start to break down?
14
What is the least effective method of birth control?
Behavioral
Respiratory surfaces are
Large in area, make contact with air, and are moist
Binding cites are hidden until ___ shows up
Clacium
At the end of spermatogensis, the cells are ___
Haploids
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Aorta
Deliverers oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
Pulmonary veins
Carries oxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
Pulmonary arteries
___ carries blood to the hear.
Veins
___ carries blood away from the heart.
Arteries
Make sure to look at heart from “anatomical position/”someone facing you.
OK
The ___ half of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
Right
The ___ half of the heart receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
Left
___ starts the heartbeat.
SA node
Order of blood movement in heart.
Right atrium to right ventrical. Left atrium to left ventrical.
Amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute.
Cardiac output
As arteries get closer to a capillary bed, they constrict and become known as
Arteriole
Only one cell layer thick, allowing water and substances to easily diffuse to body tissue.
Capillaries
Blood pressure in these is low, therefore having a thinner layer of smooth muscle. Carries blood to the heart.
Veins
Carries blood away from the heart. Has a thick layer of smooth muscle that can withstand high blood pressure.
Arteries
Right side always has deoxygenated blood, left side always has oxygenated blood. No matter where the blood is coming from, it always enters the atrium first.
OK
