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Bisc 102 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA stores the information that a cell needs to produce what?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

In the nucleus

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3
Q

All genetic material in a cell

A

Genome

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4
Q

Long molecules that carry the information needed to make proteins

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

Specific sequences in DNA that codes for a specific protein

A

Gene

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6
Q

DNA has a specific structure known as what?

A

A double helix

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7
Q

The nucleotide structure of DNA contains what 4 components?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

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8
Q

What are the strands of DNA doing that allows them to bond?

A

The phosphate groups on the left side point upward while the ones on the right point down. This anti-parallelism allows the bonds to be made.

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9
Q

What bonds hold the nucleotides together, much like protein bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and Ribosomal RNA

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11
Q

What does transcription do?

A

Produces an RNA copy of DNA, the short-hand version of it.

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12
Q

What happens in the stage initiation of transcription?

A

An enzyme (Gyrase) unwinds DNA from its super coil. Then, another enzyme (Helicase) unzips the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds. Further along is another enzyme (RNA Polymerase) that puts down the matching nucleotides to help build RNA.

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13
Q

How do enzymes know where to bind?

A

There is a section that tells the enzymes where to bind, the promoter.

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14
Q

What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?

A

A gene codes for a specific protein. Genes are located on chromosomes.

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15
Q

What are the three stages of transcription and translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

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16
Q

What happens during elongation in transcription?

A

An RNA molecule that is complimentary to the DNA strand comes to match nucleotides to the DNA, creating an mRNA. Eventually, you get a full copy of a gene.

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17
Q

What happens to the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus to begin translation in the cytoplasm?

A

The non-coding introns are taken out, or spliced out. A G-cap is added to one end while a line of adenine known as the Poly-A tail is added to the other.

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18
Q

What does the Poly-A tail allow an mRNA to do?

A

It protects from enzymes breaking down the mRNA and allows the mRNA to be messed with many times.

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19
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

At ribosomes in the cytoplasm

20
Q

What is a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes one amino acid?

A

Codon

21
Q

Name the 4 specific codons and their functions.

A

AUG - Methionine (MET) which is the starting codon.

The three stopping codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA.

22
Q

What happened in translation’s initiaion phase?

A

A small ribosomal subunit looks for the MET. mRNA is met with tRNA.

23
Q

What happenes during the elongation process in translation?

A

mRNA and tRNA continue to be paired, creative polypeptides with all the amino acids being bonded together. Eventually, you hit a stop codon with a release factor protein telling everything to let go and stop translating.

24
Q

Translation is efficient when what happens?

A

Multiple ribosomes attach to an mRNA molecule simultaneously.

25
Q

Cells save energy by producing only what?

A

Needed proteins

26
Q

What control gene expression in the chromosomes of prokaryotes?

A

The promoter and operator

27
Q

How do bacteria regulate genes?

A

Using a repressor

28
Q

Bacterial genes are grouped together in a group called what?

A

Operons

29
Q

Why do cells regulate which genes are expressed at any given time?

A

Expression based on need and are regulated to save energy.

30
Q

Any change in a cell’s DNA sequence

A

Mutation

31
Q

Types of mutations

A

Substitution and frame-shift (deletion and insertion)

32
Q

Mutations vary how

A

Insignificant, negative, lethal, and positive

33
Q

Mutations occur due to external agents known as

A

Mutagens

34
Q

If the substitution triggers an amino acid change, it is called a ______ mutation.

A

Missense

35
Q

If the substitution leads to a premature stop codon, it is called a ______ mutation.

A

Nonsense

36
Q

How can mutations be good?

A

Mutations can create new alleles, different versions of genes, which leads to diversity and helps with natural selection. Geneticists and breeders use mutations to study genes, disease, and modification of genes.

37
Q

Makes genetically identical daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

38
Q

Production of gametes

A

Meiosis

39
Q

Meeting of gametes

A

Fertilization

40
Q

Fertilized egg, first cell after fertilization

A

Zygote

41
Q

What precedes cell division?

A

DNA replication

42
Q

In mitosis, each double-stranded DNA molecule consists of one parental and one daughter strand as a result of ______.

A

Semiconservative replication

43
Q

The DNA in the cell is loose in the nucleus so DNA replication can occur.

A

Euchromatin

44
Q

The DNA in the cell is condensed into a visible chromosome

A

Heterochromatic

45
Q

Groups of histone proteins that take general from of chromosome

A

Wraps of nuclesomes

46
Q

Before cell division, nuclesomes cluster together into _____.

A

Chromatin

47
Q

_____ proteins within chromatin keep it tightly packed.

A

Scaffold

Bisc 102 (4 decks)

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