Test 3 Flashcards
Maintaining this includes body temperature, having needed nutrients, salt concentration, fluid composition, and vessel dilation and constriction.
Maintaining homeostasis
The control of body temperature.
Thermoregulation
Organisms that maintain their internal temperature on their own.
Endotherms.
Endotherms need more what?
Food.
Uses the environment to balance their heat gains and losses.
Ectotherms.
Ectotherms need less what?
Food.
These consume to get organic materials (molecules).
Heterotrophs
These make their own organic molecules.
Autotrophs
An animal’s what state can affect its metabolic state.
Physiological
Needed in varied amounts. Organic molecules including cards, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Macronutrients
Needed in small amounts including vitamins and minerals.
Micronutrients
Nutrition labels base their servings on
% daily value or 2000 calorie diet.
What is leptin?
It tells the body when to stop eating.
What is the BMI equation?
Weight (kg) over height (m)^2
The study of the structure of animal bodies.
Anatomy
The study of the function of animal bodies.
Physiology
Cells (based on function) are organized into
Tissues
Different tissues interact and function as
Organs
Consists of two or more organs that are physically or functionally joined
Organ systems
Four types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Tissues are embedded in a
Extracellular matrix
Tightly packed cells that coat the body’s internal and external surfaces
Epithelial tissue
These tissue have one layer of cells
Simple
These tissue have multiple layers of cells
Stratified
Tissue with lots of flattened cells. Hardy, can withstand pressure and abrasions
Stratified squamous
Tissue that is only one layer thick of flattened cells. Found in the lining of certain blood vessels and allows for certain things to exchange materials, gases to diffuse, nutrients to pass through.
Simple squamous
Consists of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix, rather than being connected to one another, that bind other tissues together.
Connective tissue
Cartilage is made up of fibers called ____ that allow for strength and flexibility. It is found in ears, nose, and ends of bones where joints meet.
Collagen
____ gives structure and stores calcium and phosphorus.
Bone
This kind of tissue provides movement.
Muscle tissue
This kind of skeletal muscle has repeated patterns.
Straited
This kind of skeletal muscle does not have repeated patterns.
Non-straited
This kind of muscle tissue is straited and branched, found in the heart, and does involuntary movements.
Cardiac muscle
This kind of muscle tissue is not straited. It makes small involuntary movements. Found in small intestine.
Smooth muscle
This kind of tissue transmits information and transmits electrical impulses.
Nervous tissue
Very few biological functions demonstrate _______ in which the body reactions to a change by amplifying it. Examples of this include blood clotting and kidneys removing acidic H* ions.
Positive feedback
The _____ system consists of the skin, consisting of multiple interacting tissue types to maintain homeostasis.
Integumentary
How might the loss of large areas of skin disrupt the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?
Vulnerable more to infections, risk of dehydration, decrease vitamin D synthesis, increase risk of hypothermia.
List the steps of digestion
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
One opening in the digestion tract is known as ____.
Incomplete
Two openings in the digestion tract is known as _____.
Complete
A complete digestive tract is also known as ____.
GI tract
_____ have specialized organs that help break down hard-to-digest plants.
Ruminants. Their organs are the rumen and cecum.
Allows for mechanical break-down; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
Mouth
Connects mouth with esophagus; routes air to trachea
Pharnyx
Pushes food to stomach
Esophagus
This type of muscle underlies organs through the digestive system, where rhythmic waves of muscle contraction move food in one direction through the digestive tract.
Smooth muscle
Rhythmic waves of muscle constraction
Peristalsis
In the stomach ____ continues mechanical digestion while ____ continues chemical; digestion.
Churning, gastric juices
Gastric juices include:
Pepsin, mucus, salts, water, hydrochloric acid
This prevents water from going through with a mucus layer on top that stops the harsh chemicals from eating away at your stomach.
Epithelial lining
Why is the small intestine folded?
Maximize surface area for adsorbing nutrients from food
Neutralizes stomach acid through various enzymes (highlighted on April 4 notes to reread.)
Pancreas
Stores bile
Gallbladder
Produces bile and emulsifies far
Liver
If you cannot store bile, you must watch your ___ intake.
Lipid/fat
Absorbs water and salts before the remaining undigested food is eliminated as feces.
Large intestine
Humans have a very small ___ to break down the cell walls in the plants we eat.
Cecum
Made up of nephrons which help filter things out of the blood. What is filtered out is sent to the bladder. It also keeps certain ions and molecules in our system that we want to keep.
Kidneys
In descending order, what makes us the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, uretha
Capillaries need to stay close to nephrons why?
So secretion and re-absorption can occur.
As fluids travel through the tubules of nehprons, water and some other substances are ____ into the blood.
Reabsorbed
Blood _____ some substances straight into the tubules.
Secretes
_____ is at the end of the tubule which moves fluid toward the urinary bladder.
Collecting duct
What hormone regulates kidney function? High levels of this signal the kidneys to decrease water lost in urine.
Antidiuretic hormone
Promotes re-absorption of Na+ into the bloodstream.
Aldosterone
Nervous system allows for what to take place?
Rapid communication between cells
Two types of cells in the nervous system
Neurons and neuroglia
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
Consists of all else that carries stimuli
Peripheral Nervous System
Parts of neuron
Dentries, cell body, axon
Where impulses jump between gap between nurons
Synapses
Picks up stimuli from the peripheral nervous system
Sensory neurons
Receive signals from sensory neurons
Interneurons
Conducts a message from the CNS to a muscle or gland, stimulating a contraction or secretion
Motor neurons
Violently study Action Potential
Yeah
Inside the axon is ___ charged. Outside the axon is an abundance of ___ ions.
Negatively, Na+
Charge difference across the membrane
Membrane potential
When the neuron receives a stimulus, ____ open, allowing ___ ions to trickle into the axon.
Sodium channels, Na+
If the membrane potential reaches the threshold, _____.
More sodium channels open
When the membrane potential peaks, _____
Sodium channels close and potassium channels open
Progression of signals on a never cell
Dendrites, cell body, axon
Ion channels are concentrated in the gaps between
Myelin sheath
Losing myelin sheath would result in
Action potential transmission slowing down
Molecules called ____ move across synapses
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, epinepherine are the most common types of
Neurotransmitters
Insominia is due to deficient
Serotonin
Pakinson’s is due to deficient
Dopamine
Schizophrenia is due to
Deficient FABA and excess dopamine
System works to interpret and respond
CNS
Gray matter is
Cell bodies and dendrites
White matter is
myelinated axons
4 lobes of the brain
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Frontal lobe is for
Speech
Parietal lobe is for
Touch and taste
Temporal lobe is for
Hearing and smell
Occipital lobe is for
Vision
Fight or flight. Interacts with hormones for this short-term response
Sympathetic
Rest and repose. Decreases heart rate and breathing rate and constricts arteries
Parasympathetic
Viscus fluid, bone, several layers of meninges tissue, and the blood barrier make up
Protection around the brain
Senses all over the body, touch, temperature, pain
General senses
Hearing and equilibrium, vision, smell, and taste
Special senses
Translating stimuli into electrical signals
Transduction
Raw input from the peripheral nervous system
Sensation
The brain’s interpretation of a sensation
Perception
Mechanoreceptors do
pick up physical stimuli
Chemoreceptors do
Pick up chaemicals like mouth and nose
Photoreceptors do
pick up light
Communication biochemicals of the endocrine system
Hormones
Each hormone trvels through the body but it only binds to a
Target cell
Circulates the bloodstream, but cannot enter the target cell because of fatty acid tails of the cell membrane are phobic to this. Activates a second messenger molecule in the cell, making metabolic events take place.
Water-soluble hormone
Can pass through the cell membrane. Enters the cell and binds with a receptor protein in either the cytoplasm or nucleus. Activates transcription of gene, resulting in the production of one or more ew proteins in the cell. New protein triggers hormone’s effect on the cell.
Lipid-soluble hormone
Control center for other glands
Hypothalamus and pituitary glands
Division of pituitary glands
Anterior (make and secretes its own hormones) and posterior (extension of hypothalamus but secretes what hypothalamus makes)
What does the hypothalamus do?
Adjusts hormone production based on current levels.
Posterior pituitary gland secretes what?
Antidiuretic hormone which regulates amount of water lost in urine
Anterior pituitary secretes what?
Endorpine for pain releif and growth hormones for all tissue
What does the thyroid gland do?
Secretes calcitonin which decreases amount of calcium in the blood to give to bones
What does the parathyroid do?
Opposite of thyroid. Sends calcitonin back to the blood for other functions that need it like muscle contration
Structure of adrenal gland
Inner portion is the medulla and outer potion is the cortex
What does the adrenal gland secrete?
Epinepherine and norepinephrine for short-term stress reponses. Works with sympathetic nervous system.
Pancreas secretes what?
Enzymes that regulate blood glucose levels.
Pineal gland produces what?
Melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Darkness triggers melatonin synthesis.
