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Bisc 102 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Maintaining this includes body temperature, having needed nutrients, salt concentration, fluid composition, and vessel dilation and constriction.

A

Maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

The control of body temperature.

A

Thermoregulation

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3
Q

Organisms that maintain their internal temperature on their own.

A

Endotherms.

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4
Q

Endotherms need more what?

A

Food.

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5
Q

Uses the environment to balance their heat gains and losses.

A

Ectotherms.

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6
Q

Ectotherms need less what?

A

Food.

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7
Q

These consume to get organic materials (molecules).

A

Heterotrophs

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8
Q

These make their own organic molecules.

A

Autotrophs

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9
Q

An animal’s what state can affect its metabolic state.

A

Physiological

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10
Q

Needed in varied amounts. Organic molecules including cards, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.

A

Macronutrients

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11
Q

Needed in small amounts including vitamins and minerals.

A

Micronutrients

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12
Q

Nutrition labels base their servings on

A

% daily value or 2000 calorie diet.

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13
Q

What is leptin?

A

It tells the body when to stop eating.

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14
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

Weight (kg) over height (m)^2

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15
Q

The study of the structure of animal bodies.

A

Anatomy

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16
Q

The study of the function of animal bodies.

A

Physiology

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17
Q

Cells (based on function) are organized into

A

Tissues

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18
Q

Different tissues interact and function as

A

Organs

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19
Q

Consists of two or more organs that are physically or functionally joined

A

Organ systems

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20
Q

Four types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

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21
Q

Tissues are embedded in a

A

Extracellular matrix

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22
Q

Tightly packed cells that coat the body’s internal and external surfaces

A

Epithelial tissue

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23
Q

These tissue have one layer of cells

A

Simple

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24
Q

These tissue have multiple layers of cells

A

Stratified

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25
Q

Tissue with lots of flattened cells. Hardy, can withstand pressure and abrasions

A

Stratified squamous

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26
Q

Tissue that is only one layer thick of flattened cells. Found in the lining of certain blood vessels and allows for certain things to exchange materials, gases to diffuse, nutrients to pass through.

A

Simple squamous

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27
Q

Consists of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix, rather than being connected to one another, that bind other tissues together.

A

Connective tissue

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28
Q

Cartilage is made up of fibers called ____ that allow for strength and flexibility. It is found in ears, nose, and ends of bones where joints meet.

A

Collagen

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29
Q

____ gives structure and stores calcium and phosphorus.

A

Bone

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30
Q

This kind of tissue provides movement.

A

Muscle tissue

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31
Q

This kind of skeletal muscle has repeated patterns.

A

Straited

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32
Q

This kind of skeletal muscle does not have repeated patterns.

A

Non-straited

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33
Q

This kind of muscle tissue is straited and branched, found in the heart, and does involuntary movements.

A

Cardiac muscle

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34
Q

This kind of muscle tissue is not straited. It makes small involuntary movements. Found in small intestine.

A

Smooth muscle

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35
Q

This kind of tissue transmits information and transmits electrical impulses.

A

Nervous tissue

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36
Q

Very few biological functions demonstrate _______ in which the body reactions to a change by amplifying it. Examples of this include blood clotting and kidneys removing acidic H* ions.

A

Positive feedback

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37
Q

The _____ system consists of the skin, consisting of multiple interacting tissue types to maintain homeostasis.

A

Integumentary

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38
Q

How might the loss of large areas of skin disrupt the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?

A

Vulnerable more to infections, risk of dehydration, decrease vitamin D synthesis, increase risk of hypothermia.

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39
Q

List the steps of digestion

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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40
Q

One opening in the digestion tract is known as ____.

A

Incomplete

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41
Q

Two openings in the digestion tract is known as _____.

A

Complete

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42
Q

A complete digestive tract is also known as ____.

A

GI tract

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43
Q

_____ have specialized organs that help break down hard-to-digest plants.

A

Ruminants. Their organs are the rumen and cecum.

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44
Q

Allows for mechanical break-down; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

A

Mouth

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45
Q

Connects mouth with esophagus; routes air to trachea

A

Pharnyx

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46
Q

Pushes food to stomach

A

Esophagus

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47
Q

This type of muscle underlies organs through the digestive system, where rhythmic waves of muscle contraction move food in one direction through the digestive tract.

A

Smooth muscle

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48
Q

Rhythmic waves of muscle constraction

A

Peristalsis

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49
Q

In the stomach ____ continues mechanical digestion while ____ continues chemical; digestion.

A

Churning, gastric juices

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50
Q

Gastric juices include:

A

Pepsin, mucus, salts, water, hydrochloric acid

51
Q

This prevents water from going through with a mucus layer on top that stops the harsh chemicals from eating away at your stomach.

A

Epithelial lining

52
Q

Why is the small intestine folded?

A

Maximize surface area for adsorbing nutrients from food

53
Q

Neutralizes stomach acid through various enzymes (highlighted on April 4 notes to reread.)

A

Pancreas

54
Q

Stores bile

A

Gallbladder

55
Q

Produces bile and emulsifies far

A

Liver

56
Q

If you cannot store bile, you must watch your ___ intake.

A

Lipid/fat

57
Q

Absorbs water and salts before the remaining undigested food is eliminated as feces.

A

Large intestine

58
Q

Humans have a very small ___ to break down the cell walls in the plants we eat.

A

Cecum

59
Q

Made up of nephrons which help filter things out of the blood. What is filtered out is sent to the bladder. It also keeps certain ions and molecules in our system that we want to keep.

A

Kidneys

60
Q

In descending order, what makes us the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, uretha

61
Q

Capillaries need to stay close to nephrons why?

A

So secretion and re-absorption can occur.

62
Q

As fluids travel through the tubules of nehprons, water and some other substances are ____ into the blood.

A

Reabsorbed

63
Q

Blood _____ some substances straight into the tubules.

A

Secretes

64
Q

_____ is at the end of the tubule which moves fluid toward the urinary bladder.

A

Collecting duct

65
Q

What hormone regulates kidney function? High levels of this signal the kidneys to decrease water lost in urine.

A

Antidiuretic hormone

66
Q

Promotes re-absorption of Na+ into the bloodstream.

A

Aldosterone

67
Q

Nervous system allows for what to take place?

A

Rapid communication between cells

68
Q

Two types of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons and neuroglia

69
Q

Consists of brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

70
Q

Consists of all else that carries stimuli

A

Peripheral Nervous System

71
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Dentries, cell body, axon

72
Q

Where impulses jump between gap between nurons

A

Synapses

73
Q

Picks up stimuli from the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory neurons

74
Q

Receive signals from sensory neurons

A

Interneurons

75
Q

Conducts a message from the CNS to a muscle or gland, stimulating a contraction or secretion

A

Motor neurons

76
Q

Violently study Action Potential

A

Yeah

77
Q

Inside the axon is ___ charged. Outside the axon is an abundance of ___ ions.

A

Negatively, Na+

78
Q

Charge difference across the membrane

A

Membrane potential

79
Q

When the neuron receives a stimulus, ____ open, allowing ___ ions to trickle into the axon.

A

Sodium channels, Na+

80
Q

If the membrane potential reaches the threshold, _____.

A

More sodium channels open

81
Q

When the membrane potential peaks, _____

A

Sodium channels close and potassium channels open

82
Q

Progression of signals on a never cell

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon

83
Q

Ion channels are concentrated in the gaps between

A

Myelin sheath

84
Q

Losing myelin sheath would result in

A

Action potential transmission slowing down

85
Q

Molecules called ____ move across synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

86
Q

Glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, epinepherine are the most common types of

A

Neurotransmitters

87
Q

Insominia is due to deficient

A

Serotonin

88
Q

Pakinson’s is due to deficient

A

Dopamine

89
Q

Schizophrenia is due to

A

Deficient FABA and excess dopamine

90
Q

System works to interpret and respond

A

CNS

91
Q

Gray matter is

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

92
Q

White matter is

A

myelinated axons

93
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

94
Q

Frontal lobe is for

A

Speech

95
Q

Parietal lobe is for

A

Touch and taste

96
Q

Temporal lobe is for

A

Hearing and smell

97
Q

Occipital lobe is for

A

Vision

98
Q

Fight or flight. Interacts with hormones for this short-term response

A

Sympathetic

99
Q

Rest and repose. Decreases heart rate and breathing rate and constricts arteries

A

Parasympathetic

100
Q

Viscus fluid, bone, several layers of meninges tissue, and the blood barrier make up

A

Protection around the brain

101
Q

Senses all over the body, touch, temperature, pain

A

General senses

102
Q

Hearing and equilibrium, vision, smell, and taste

A

Special senses

103
Q

Translating stimuli into electrical signals

A

Transduction

104
Q

Raw input from the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensation

105
Q

The brain’s interpretation of a sensation

A

Perception

106
Q

Mechanoreceptors do

A

pick up physical stimuli

107
Q

Chemoreceptors do

A

Pick up chaemicals like mouth and nose

108
Q

Photoreceptors do

A

pick up light

109
Q

Communication biochemicals of the endocrine system

A

Hormones

110
Q

Each hormone trvels through the body but it only binds to a

A

Target cell

111
Q

Circulates the bloodstream, but cannot enter the target cell because of fatty acid tails of the cell membrane are phobic to this. Activates a second messenger molecule in the cell, making metabolic events take place.

A

Water-soluble hormone

112
Q

Can pass through the cell membrane. Enters the cell and binds with a receptor protein in either the cytoplasm or nucleus. Activates transcription of gene, resulting in the production of one or more ew proteins in the cell. New protein triggers hormone’s effect on the cell.

A

Lipid-soluble hormone

113
Q

Control center for other glands

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands

114
Q

Division of pituitary glands

A

Anterior (make and secretes its own hormones) and posterior (extension of hypothalamus but secretes what hypothalamus makes)

115
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Adjusts hormone production based on current levels.

116
Q

Posterior pituitary gland secretes what?

A

Antidiuretic hormone which regulates amount of water lost in urine

117
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes what?

A

Endorpine for pain releif and growth hormones for all tissue

118
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Secretes calcitonin which decreases amount of calcium in the blood to give to bones

119
Q

What does the parathyroid do?

A

Opposite of thyroid. Sends calcitonin back to the blood for other functions that need it like muscle contration

120
Q

Structure of adrenal gland

A

Inner portion is the medulla and outer potion is the cortex

121
Q

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Epinepherine and norepinephrine for short-term stress reponses. Works with sympathetic nervous system.

122
Q

Pancreas secretes what?

A

Enzymes that regulate blood glucose levels.

123
Q

Pineal gland produces what?

A

Melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Darkness triggers melatonin synthesis.

Bisc 102 (4 decks)

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