Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology 101 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

porosity

A

the total amount of open space within a material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

permeability

A

the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through an interconnected network of pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

aquifers

A

sediment or rock with high permeability and porosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

aquitard

A

low permeability regardless of porosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

water table

A

the horizon that separates the unsaturated zone above from the saturated zone below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

capillary fringe

A

thin layer of water that fills the pore spaces just above the water table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Perched water table

A

a local, small, water table that lies above the regional water table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does water move in the unsaturated zone

A

straight down in response to gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does water move in the saturated zone

A

in response to changes in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hydraulic head

A

the energy available to drive the flow of groundwater at a given location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spring

A

natural outlet from which groundwater flows or seeps onto Earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Artesian spring

A

the ground surface intersects a natural fracture that extends down to an aquifer that has sufficient pressure to drive the water up to the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cone of depression

A

if people pump water out of a well too quickly then the water table will sink around the well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

geothermal region

A

places that are currently or were recently volcanically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

geyser

A

a fountain of steam and hot water that erupts episodically from a vent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pore collapse

A

when the water is pumped out of an aquifer the remaining pores space is only held up by air a may collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

contaminant plume

A

cloud of contaminated groundwater that moves away from the source of contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stalactite

A

calcite drips from the ceiling of a cave to form icicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stalagmite

A

calcite drips and hits the floor to form “upward pointing cones”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Karst topography

A

where surface landforms develop when limestone bedrock dissolves both at the surface and in underlying caves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sheet wash

A

water flowing downslope in a thin film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

downcutting

A

extra water flow deepens the channel relative to its surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

runoff

A

all water flowing on the surface of Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

headward erosion

A

a stream channel begins to lengthen at its head. upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

tributaries

A

small secondary channels that flow into the main trunk stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Drainage networks

A

look at page 466 in textbook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

watershed

A

the broad region from which a drainage network collects water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

drainage divide

A

a highland or ridge that separates one watershed from another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Permanent streams

A

water flows year round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ephemeral streams

A

flow seasonally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

discharge

A

volume of water passing through a cross section of the stream at a given time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Scouring

A

running water can remove loose fragments of sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Breaking and lifting

A

flowing water can break off chunks of solid rock

34
Q

Abrasion

A

sediment-laden water grinds away at the channel floor and walls

35
Q

Dissolution

A

running water dissolves soluble minerals

36
Q

dissolved load

A

minerals dissolved in the water

37
Q

suspended load

A

tiny solid grains that swirl along with the water without settling to the floor of the channel

38
Q

Bed load

A

large particles that bounce or roll along the stream floor

39
Q

Saltation

A

each saltating grain follows a curved trajectory up through the water and back down the the bed where it strikes another grain upward

40
Q

competence of a stream

A

max particle size the stream can carry

41
Q

capacity

A

total quantity of sediment a stream can carry

42
Q

sediment sorting

A

stream deposits tend to be segregated by size

43
Q

alluvium

A

sediments deposited by a stream

44
Q

delta

A

where a stream empties at its mouth into a standing body of water

45
Q

Stream gradient

A

slope of the stream channel

46
Q

longitudinal profile

A

a cross-section image showing the variation in the river’s elevation along its length

47
Q

base elevation

A

the lowest elevation of a stream’s surface

48
Q

stream terraces

A

see page 474

the stream starts to cut down into its own alluvium and stream terraces appear bordering the present floodplain

49
Q

Stream rejuvenation

A

a stream starts to downcut into a land surface whose elevation had previously been close to the stream’s base level

50
Q

Stream piracy

A

when headward erosion by one stream causes it to intersect another stream and rob water from it

51
Q

superposed stream

A

when a stream downcuts into folded strata it maintains its original slope and doesn’t follow the slope of the folds

52
Q

Antecedent streams

A

if the stream downcuts as fast as the range rises

53
Q

sublimate

A

ice evaporates directly to a vapor

54
Q

firn

A

packed snow containing 25% air

55
Q

glacial ice

A

contains about 20% air and absorbs red light so it appears bluish

56
Q

glacier

A

a stream or sheet of recrystallized ice that stays mostly frozen all year and flows under the influence of gravity

57
Q

cirque

A

bowl-shaped depressions on the flank of a mountain

58
Q

How does glacial ice deform?

A

ductile towards the base but brittle towards the top

59
Q

ablation

A

the removal of ice by melting

60
Q

calving

A

chunks of ice breaking off the glacier

61
Q

How does ice move through a glacier as it flows?

A

it tend to follow a curved path

62
Q

tidewater glaciers

A

glaciers whose toe lies in the water

63
Q

how much mass of floating ice is underwater?

A

88%

64
Q

glacial incorporation

A

ice picks up loose rock

65
Q

glacial plucking

A

breaking off chunks of bedrock

66
Q

glacial abrasion

A

sand and silt in the ice grinds and pulverizes rock into a fine powder

67
Q

striations

A

clasts moving with the ice carve grooves

68
Q

arete

A

residual knife-edge that separates two cirques

69
Q

fjords

A

the floors of valleys cut by costal glaciers were cut hundreds of meters deeper than present sea level

70
Q

moraine

A

a pile of sediment carried or left behind by a glacier

71
Q

till

A

sediment deposited by a glacier

72
Q

erratics

A

relatively large cobbles and boulders left behind by a glacier

73
Q

marine

A

clasts carried out to sea by icebergs

74
Q

outwash

A

sorted till by streams

75
Q

varve

A

two lake-bed sediment layers deposited in the same year

76
Q

kettle holes

A

block of ice becomes buried by till and melts, creating an empty space

77
Q

drumlins

A

elongate hills created by glaciers

78
Q

pluvial lakes

A

fed by enhanced rainfall, lakes accumulate in low-lying areas a great distance from the glacier front

79
Q

tillites

A

larger class distributed throughout a matrix of sandstone and mudstone

80
Q

Eccentricity, tilt, and precession of the Earth

A

see page 596

81
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

climate cycles related to eccentricity, tilt, and precession

82
Q

albedo

A

snow reflects incoming light and cools the earth

Geology 101 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions