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Geology 101 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

fault scarp

A

faults intersect the surface and produce a “step”

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2
Q

normal fault

A

hanging wall slips down

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3
Q

reverse fault

A

hanging wall slips up

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4
Q

thrust fault

A

low angle reverse fault

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5
Q

strike-slip fault

A

walls slip horizontally

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6
Q

elastic-rebound theory

A

earthquakes occur because stresses build up, causing rock to bend elastically until either a new fault forms or a pre-existing fault slips, the bent rocks then straighten and vibrate

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7
Q

focus

A

location where seismic waves first begin to be generated

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8
Q

shallow-focus earthquake

A

top 60 km of earth

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9
Q

intermediate-focus

A

60-300 km

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10
Q

deep-focus

A

down to 660 km

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11
Q

body waves

A

pass through the interior of the Earth

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12
Q

surface waves

A

travel along the Earth’s surface

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13
Q

compressional waves

A

particles move back and forth parallel to the direction the wave propagates

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14
Q

shear waves

A

particles move back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave propagates

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15
Q

P-waves

A

primary compressional body waves

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16
Q

S-waves

A

secondary shear body waves

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17
Q

R-waves

A

Rayleigh surface waves that cause the ground to undulate up and down

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18
Q

L-waves

A

Love surface waves that cause the ground to shimmy back and forth

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19
Q

Earthquake intensity

A

the degree of ground shaking

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20
Q

Earthquake magnitude

A

a # that represents the amount of energy released from the seismic source

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21
Q

Moment magnitude

A

based on the amplitude of several different waves
dimensions of the slipped area
displacement that occurred

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22
Q

Why do earthquakes occur in the Waditi-Benioff zone

A

shear between sinking lithosphere plate and surrounding asthenosphere
pull exerted by deeper part of the plate

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23
Q

Earthquakes at continental rifts

A

normal faults

shallow earthquakes

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24
Q

Earthquakes at collision zones

A

movement along thrust faults

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25
Q

Intraplate earthquakes

A

stress applied to the boundary of a plate can cause the interior to break suddenly at weak, pre-existing fault zones

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26
Q

The Severity of shaking depends on

A

magnitude of the quake
distance from the source
nature of the substrate at the location
wavelength of the earthquake waves

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27
Q

sediment liquefaction

A

happens in wet sand when shaking causes grains to settle together
pressure in the water filling the pores increases
water pushes the grains apart turning the sand into a slurry incapable of supporting weight

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28
Q

geologic structures

A

features produced by deformation

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29
Q

displacement

A

a change in location

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30
Q

rotation

A

change in orientation

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31
Q

distortion

A

a change in shape

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32
Q

Why do rocks deform brittle or ductile?

A 
temp(warmer = more ductile)
pressure(more = more ductile)
deformation rate(slow=more ductile)
composition
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33
Q

joints

A

natural cracks

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34
Q

vein

A

mineral filled crack

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35
Q

dip-slip fault

A

displacement is parallel to a line going down the slipe of the fault surface

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36
Q

obliqua-slip fault

A

sliding occurs diagonally on the fault plane

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37
Q

fold

A

curve in the shape of a rock layer

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38
Q

limb

A

sides of the fold

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39
Q

hinge

A

a line along which the curvature of the fold is the greatest

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40
Q

axial surface

A

an imaginary plane that contained the hinge lines of successive layers and divides the fault in half

41
Q

anticline

A

folds that have an arch like shape

42
Q

synclines

A

folds with a trough-like shape

43
Q

moncline

A

the shape of a carpet draped over a stair step

44
Q

plunging fold

A

the hinge is tilted

45
Q

dome

A

fold with the shape of an overturned bowl

46
Q

basin

A

fold with the shape of an upright bowl

47
Q

flexural-slip fold

A

a stack of layers bend and slip occurs between the layers to accommodate the bending with out creating gaps between layers

48
Q

passive flow

A

the rock is so soft that it behaves like a weak plastic and slowly flows

49
Q

fold-thrust belt

A

assemblage of thrust faults and associated folds

50
Q

suture

A

the boundary between what had been separate blocks

51
Q

exotic terrain

accreted terrain

A

an incoming buoyant crustal block that becomes sutured to the overriding plate

52
Q

isostacy

A

when the elevation of Earth’s surface reflects the level at which the lithosphere naturally sets

53
Q

orogenic collapse

A

mountains collapse when quartz-rich rocks become weak enough to flow ductilely

54
Q

craton

A

crust that has not been effected by orogeny for at least the last billion years

55
Q

shields

A

precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks crop out at the surface

56
Q

cratonic platforms

A

relatively thin layer of phanerozoic sediment covers the precambrian rocks

57
Q

epeirogeny

A

the broad vertical movements that generate huge, but gentle, mid continent domes and basins

58
Q

uniformitarianism

A

physical processes that operate in the modern world also operated in the geologic past

59
Q

original horizontality

A

layers of sediment are deposited relatively flat

60
Q

superposition

A

each layer must be younger than the one below and older than the one above

61
Q

lateral continuity

A

sediments accumulate in continuous sheets

62
Q

cross-cutting relations

A

if one geologic feature cuts across another, the feature that has been cut is older

63
Q

baked contacts

A

an igneous intrusion “bakes” surrounding rocks so the rock that has been baked must be older than the intrusion

64
Q

principle of inclusion

A

a rock containing an inclusion must be younger than the inclusion

65
Q

index fossils

A

fossil species that are widespread but survived only for a relatively short interval of geologic time

66
Q

unconformity

A

a boundary surface between 2 units which represents a period of non deposition and possibly erosion

67
Q

angular unconformity

A

rocks below were tilted or folded before the unconformity developed
the angular unconformity cuts across layers and the orientation of layers below an unconformity is different from the layers above

68
Q

non conformity

A

sedimentary rocks overly igneous rocks

69
Q

Disconformity

A

an undersea sedimentary layer is exposed for some time, maybe eroded, and then sea level rises and new sedimentary layers are deposited

70
Q

stratigraphic formation

A

an interval of layers composed of a specific rock type or group of rock types

71
Q

correlation

A

relative the relative age of a strata in one location to that in another

72
Q

hydrocarbons

A

Ex; Oil and gas

chain0like or ring-like molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms

73
Q

Where do the chemicals that make up oil and gas come from?

A

Plankton

74
Q

In what environment do fossil fuels form in?

A

oxygen efficient calm waters such as deltas and swamps

75
Q

Oil shale

A

25-75% kerogen

76
Q

Oil window

A

90-150 deg C

2-6 km

77
Q

Gas window

A

90-225 deg C

2-9 km

78
Q

Conventional reserve

A

hydrocarbons that could be pumped from the ground easily

79
Q

Porosity

A

the proportion of the rock that consists of open spaces, pores

80
Q

Permeability

A

the degree to which pore spaces connect

81
Q

Reservoir rocks

A

They don’t actually contain oil when the form

Oil migrates upward from the source rock

82
Q

Oil seep

A

if oil or gas escapes from the reservoir rock

83
Q

1st part of a Trap: Seal rock

A

a relatively impermeable rock such as shale, salt, or limestone

84
Q

2nd Part of a Trap

A

the seal and reservoir rock must be arranged in a geometry that localizes the hydrocarbons

85
Q

Hydrofracturing

A

drillers pump a mixture of water, various chemicals, and sand into a drill hole at high pressure to enhance the permeability of the existing fractures around the hole

86
Q

Unconventional hydrocarbon reserve

A

hydrocarbons cannot be extracted simply by drilling and pumping

87
Q

shale oil or shale gas

A

huge quantities of oil and natural gas that remain in source beds of organic shale

88
Q

bitumen

A

tar like heavy oil

89
Q

tar sand

A

sandstone containing high concentrations of bitumen

90
Q

Coal

A

a black, brittle, sedimentary rock that burns, consists of elemental carbon mixed with minor amounts of chemicals, quartz, and clay

91
Q

Peat

A

compaction and partial decay of vegetation transforms into peat with up to 50% carbon

92
Q

Type of coal by increasing temp

A

lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite

93
Q

Hubbert’s peak

A

the peak production for a give reserve

94
Q

Ore minerals

A

minerals from which metals can be extracted

95
Q

Magmatic deposits

A

when a magma cools and solidifies, sulfide or minerals may crystallize in distinct bands

96
Q

Hydrothermal deposits

A

Water circulates through a pluton, heats up, dissolves metal ions, then the ions precipitate out when the water cools

97
Q

Secondary- Enrichment deposits

A

Water passes through old ore bearing rock, dissolves ions and deposits them elsewhere often more concentrated than the source rock

98
Q

Residual mineral deposits

A

soil rich is iron and aluminum

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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