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Geology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

viscosity

A

resistance to flow

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2
Q

How is viscosity related to silica content?

A

more silica=higher resistance to flow

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3
Q

Basaltic lava

A

relatively little silica
very hot
fast moving

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4
Q

lava tube

A

as basaltic lava cools, eventually molten lava only moves through tunnel-like passage ways

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5
Q

Pahoehoe

A

basaltic lava flows that whose surface is warm and pasty wrinkle into smooth glassy, rope-like ridges

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6
Q

a’a’

A

if the flow becomes too viscous to make rope-like ridges, it breaks into a jumble of sharp, angular fragments

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7
Q

pillow lava

A

basaltic lava that cools rapidly in the ocean

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8
Q

andesitic lava

A

slow moving

lumpy flow with a bulbous snout

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9
Q

blocky lava

A

andesitic lava flow

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10
Q

Rhyolitic lava

A 
most viscous
most felsic
coolest
rarely flows more than 1-2 km
broken and blocky
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11
Q

pyroclastic debris

A

fragmental igneous material erupted from a volcano

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12
Q

lava fountains

A

gas pressure drives columns of basaltic lava into the air

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13
Q

lapilli

A

solidified pea to golf ball sized fragments of glassy lava

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14
Q

blocks

A

apple to refrigerator sized fragments of already solid lava from the walls of the vent ejected by an eruption

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15
Q

pumice lapilli

A

frothy lava breaks into marble-sized chunks

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16
Q

Tuff

A

pyroclastic debris from andesitic or rhyolitic eruptions that has been buried and transformed into rock

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17
Q

lahar

A

volcanic debris that mixes with water and flows away from the volcano

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18
Q

crater

A

circular, bowl-like depression occurs at the top of a volcano

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19
Q

caldera

A

large crater

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20
Q

shield volcano

A

broad gentle domes

form from magma with low viscosity

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21
Q

Cinder cones

A

cone-shaped piles of basaltic lapilli and block

slope is determined by the max slop the magma can be deposited at

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22
Q

stratovolcanoes

A

large, tall volcanoes consisting of layers of lava, pyroclastic debris, and volcaniclastic debris

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23
Q

Effusive eruptions

A

lava pours out from a vent or fissure

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24
Q

convective cloud

A

huge plume of ash that rises from a large explosion rises skyward

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25
Q

column collapse

A

gravity pulls a substantial amount back down around the volcano

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26
Q

volcanoes at continental rifts

A

both basaltic and explosive rhyolitic volcanoes

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27
Q

oceanic hot-spot volcanoes

A

basaltic volcanoes on the ocean floor

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28
Q

continental hot-spot volcanoes

A

both basaltic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris

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29
Q

flood-basalt

A

huge amounts of low-viscosity mafic lava erupted from fissures and spread out in vast sheets

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30
Q

jointing

A

natural cracks in rocks

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31
Q

exfoliation joints

A

lie parallel to the mountain faces

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32
Q

talus

A

rock rubble at the base of the slope

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33
Q

erosion

A

breaking off and removal of rock or sediment

strips away overburden

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34
Q

salt wedging

A

in arid climates, dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates into open pore spaces in rocks, forming crystals that push apart the surrounding rock

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35
Q

Thermal expansion

A

forest fires heat up rocks and as the surface cools the outer layers can break off

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36
Q

Dissolution

A

water flowing over rock slowly dissolves minerals

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37
Q

hydrolysis

A

water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down

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38
Q

hydration

A

the absorption of water causes some rocks to swell and weaken

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39
Q

Soil

A

rock or sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material

40
Q

Soil layers from top to bottom

A 
topsoil
transition zone
subsoil
weathered bedrock
solid bedrock
41
Q

Clastic sedimentary rock

A

forms from solid fragments and grains broken off of pre-existing rock

42
Q

biochemical

A

shells

43
Q

organic

A

carbono-rich relicts of plants or other organisms

44
Q

chemical

A

made up of minerals that precipitated directly from water solutions

45
Q

sandstone

A

blocks consisting of quartz sand grains cemented together

46
Q

lithification

A

transformation of loose class into solid rocks

47
Q

Clast size

A

diameter of the fragments or grains making up the rock

48
Q

angularity and sphericity

A

smoothness of rock surfaces

how closely the shape of the clast resembles a sphere

49
Q

sorting

A

the proportion of clast in a rock that are the same size

50
Q

Breccia

A

granite fragments were cemented together before being transported too far

51
Q

conglomerate

A

burial lithification of rounded clasts from a river bed

52
Q

Arkose

A

sand containing a mixture of quartz and some feldspar grains

53
Q

siltsone

A

lithified silt

54
Q

shale/mudstone

A

lithified mud

55
Q

micrite

A

very fine carbonate mud

56
Q

chalk

A

plankton shells

57
Q

biochemical chert

A

cryptocrystalline quarks

grains are too small to be seen with the naked eye

58
Q

evaporite with 80% of the water evaporated

A

gypsum

59
Q

evaporite with 90% of the water evaporated

A

halite

60
Q

Travertine

A

composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed from chemical precipitation from groundwater that has seeped out at the ground surface either in hot or cold springs or in caves

61
Q

bed

A

single layer of sediment with a recognizable top and bottom

62
Q

strata

A

several beds together

63
Q

turbidity currents

A

sediment slips downslope in the ocean

64
Q

graded beds

A

larger grains settle out first and progressively finer grains settle on top

65
Q

scour marks

A

as currents flow over a sediment surface the may erode small troughs

66
Q

Till

A

unsorted clasts ranging in size from clay to boulders from melted glaciers

67
Q

Alluvial fan

A

where there isn’t enough water for a stream to flow continuously, the stream deposits its load near the mountain front

68
Q

delta

A

wedge of sediment that accumulates where moving water enters standing water

69
Q

beach sands

A

well sorted medium-grained sandstone

70
Q

Shallow-marine deposits

A

well sorted, well rounded, fine-grained classics sediments

71
Q

subsidence

A

process by which the surface of the lithosphere sinks

72
Q

diagenesis

A

all physical, chemical, and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rocks

73
Q

Protolith

A

parent rock

74
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

rock that forms when a pre-existing rock undergoes a solid-state change.

75
Q

metamorphic texture

A

a distinctive arrangement of mineral grains that form only during metamorphism

76
Q

recrystallization

A

changes the shape and size of grains without changing the id of the minerals

77
Q

phase change

A

transforms one mineral into another with the same composition but different crystal structure

78
Q

neocrystallization

A

growth of new minerals that differ from those of the protolith

79
Q

diffusion

A

atoms either rearrange within grains or migrate into and out of grains

80
Q

preferred orientation

A

when minerals are parallel or aligned

81
Q

metasomatism

A

changing a rock’s chemical composition by interactions with hydrothermal fluids

82
Q

foliation

A

can give a rock a striped or streaked appearance

can give the rock the ability to split into thin sheets

83
Q

slate

A

low temps and pressure

slaty cleavage

84
Q

phyllite

A

fine-grained
foliated
silky sheen

85
Q

Schist

A

medium to coarse grained
foliated
mica flakes

86
Q

metaconglomerate

A

pressure solution and plastic deformation flatten pebbles and cobbles of such rock into pancake-like shapes
alignment of clasts define the foliation

87
Q

Gneiss

A

alternating light and dark layers
light layers: higher mafic concentration
dark layers: more felsic

88
Q

migmatite

A

part metamorphic and park igneous

can be layer and foliated similarly to Gneiss

89
Q

Hornfels

A

fine-grained randomly oriented schist

non-foliated

90
Q

Quartzite

A

metamorphism of pure quartz sandstone
new larger quartz grains
grains become interlocking
glassier

91
Q

Marble

A

metamorphism of limestone yields marble
distinction between grains and cement disappears
can be foliated or non foliated

92
Q

metamorphic grade

A

informal way to indicate the intensity of metamorphism

depends primarily on temp

93
Q

isograd

A

all points along this line have the same metamorphic grade

94
Q

contact metamorphism

A

heat from magma causes neighboring rock to undergo metamorphism

95
Q

dynamic metamorphism

A

shearing and depth along a fault

96
Q

Exhumation

A

rock caught between two continents is squeezed upward, crust at depth beneath new mountain range warms and becomes plastic, mountain range collapses under its own weight, upper crust thins, then erosion eventually exposes deeper rock

97
Q

shield

A

broad region of long-lived, stable continental crust where sedimentary cover either wasn’t deposited or has been eroded.

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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