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Geology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

viscosity

A

resistance to flow

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2
Q

How is viscosity related to silica content?

A

more silica=higher resistance to flow

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3
Q

Basaltic lava

A

relatively little silica
very hot
fast moving

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4
Q

lava tube

A

as basaltic lava cools, eventually molten lava only moves through tunnel-like passage ways

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5
Q

Pahoehoe

A

basaltic lava flows that whose surface is warm and pasty wrinkle into smooth glassy, rope-like ridges

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6
Q

a’a’

A

if the flow becomes too viscous to make rope-like ridges, it breaks into a jumble of sharp, angular fragments

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7
Q

pillow lava

A

basaltic lava that cools rapidly in the ocean

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8
Q

andesitic lava

A

slow moving

lumpy flow with a bulbous snout

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9
Q

blocky lava

A

andesitic lava flow

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10
Q

Rhyolitic lava

A 
most viscous
most felsic
coolest
rarely flows more than 1-2 km
broken and blocky
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11
Q

pyroclastic debris

A

fragmental igneous material erupted from a volcano

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12
Q

lava fountains

A

gas pressure drives columns of basaltic lava into the air

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13
Q

lapilli

A

solidified pea to golf ball sized fragments of glassy lava

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14
Q

blocks

A

apple to refrigerator sized fragments of already solid lava from the walls of the vent ejected by an eruption

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15
Q

pumice lapilli

A

frothy lava breaks into marble-sized chunks

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16
Q

Tuff

A

pyroclastic debris from andesitic or rhyolitic eruptions that has been buried and transformed into rock

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17
Q

lahar

A

volcanic debris that mixes with water and flows away from the volcano

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18
Q

crater

A

circular, bowl-like depression occurs at the top of a volcano

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19
Q

caldera

A

large crater

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20
Q

shield volcano

A

broad gentle domes

form from magma with low viscosity

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21
Q

Cinder cones

A

cone-shaped piles of basaltic lapilli and block

slope is determined by the max slop the magma can be deposited at

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22
Q

stratovolcanoes

A

large, tall volcanoes consisting of layers of lava, pyroclastic debris, and volcaniclastic debris

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23
Q

Effusive eruptions

A

lava pours out from a vent or fissure

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24
Q

convective cloud

A

huge plume of ash that rises from a large explosion rises skyward

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25
column collapse
gravity pulls a substantial amount back down around the volcano
26
volcanoes at continental rifts
both basaltic and explosive rhyolitic volcanoes
27
oceanic hot-spot volcanoes
basaltic volcanoes on the ocean floor
28
continental hot-spot volcanoes
both basaltic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris
29
flood-basalt
huge amounts of low-viscosity mafic lava erupted from fissures and spread out in vast sheets
30
jointing
natural cracks in rocks
31
exfoliation joints
lie parallel to the mountain faces
32
talus
rock rubble at the base of the slope
33
erosion
breaking off and removal of rock or sediment | strips away overburden
34
salt wedging
in arid climates, dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates into open pore spaces in rocks, forming crystals that push apart the surrounding rock
35
Thermal expansion
forest fires heat up rocks and as the surface cools the outer layers can break off
36
Dissolution
water flowing over rock slowly dissolves minerals
37
hydrolysis
water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down
38
hydration
the absorption of water causes some rocks to swell and weaken
39
Soil
rock or sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material
40
Soil layers from top to bottom
``` topsoil transition zone subsoil weathered bedrock solid bedrock ```
41
Clastic sedimentary rock
forms from solid fragments and grains broken off of pre-existing rock
42
biochemical
shells
43
organic
carbono-rich relicts of plants or other organisms
44
chemical
made up of minerals that precipitated directly from water solutions
45
sandstone
blocks consisting of quartz sand grains cemented together
46
lithification
transformation of loose class into solid rocks
47
Clast size
diameter of the fragments or grains making up the rock
48
angularity and sphericity
smoothness of rock surfaces | how closely the shape of the clast resembles a sphere
49
sorting
the proportion of clast in a rock that are the same size
50
Breccia
granite fragments were cemented together before being transported too far
51
conglomerate
burial lithification of rounded clasts from a river bed
52
Arkose
sand containing a mixture of quartz and some feldspar grains
53
siltsone
lithified silt
54
shale/mudstone
lithified mud
55
micrite
very fine carbonate mud
56
chalk
plankton shells
57
biochemical chert
cryptocrystalline quarks | grains are too small to be seen with the naked eye
58
evaporite with 80% of the water evaporated
gypsum
59
evaporite with 90% of the water evaporated
halite
60
Travertine
composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed from chemical precipitation from groundwater that has seeped out at the ground surface either in hot or cold springs or in caves
61
bed
single layer of sediment with a recognizable top and bottom
62
strata
several beds together
63
turbidity currents
sediment slips downslope in the ocean
64
graded beds
larger grains settle out first and progressively finer grains settle on top
65
scour marks
as currents flow over a sediment surface the may erode small troughs
66
Till
unsorted clasts ranging in size from clay to boulders from melted glaciers
67
Alluvial fan
where there isn't enough water for a stream to flow continuously, the stream deposits its load near the mountain front
68
delta
wedge of sediment that accumulates where moving water enters standing water
69
beach sands
well sorted medium-grained sandstone
70
Shallow-marine deposits
well sorted, well rounded, fine-grained classics sediments
71
subsidence
process by which the surface of the lithosphere sinks
72
diagenesis
all physical, chemical, and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rocks
73
Protolith
parent rock
74
Metamorphic rock
rock that forms when a pre-existing rock undergoes a solid-state change.
75
metamorphic texture
a distinctive arrangement of mineral grains that form only during metamorphism
76
recrystallization
changes the shape and size of grains without changing the id of the minerals
77
phase change
transforms one mineral into another with the same composition but different crystal structure
78
neocrystallization
growth of new minerals that differ from those of the protolith
79
diffusion
atoms either rearrange within grains or migrate into and out of grains
80
preferred orientation
when minerals are parallel or aligned
81
metasomatism
changing a rock's chemical composition by interactions with hydrothermal fluids
82
foliation
can give a rock a striped or streaked appearance | can give the rock the ability to split into thin sheets
83
slate
low temps and pressure | slaty cleavage
84
phyllite
fine-grained foliated silky sheen
85
Schist
medium to coarse grained foliated mica flakes
86
metaconglomerate
pressure solution and plastic deformation flatten pebbles and cobbles of such rock into pancake-like shapes alignment of clasts define the foliation
87
Gneiss
alternating light and dark layers light layers: higher mafic concentration dark layers: more felsic
88
migmatite
part metamorphic and park igneous | can be layer and foliated similarly to Gneiss
89
Hornfels
fine-grained randomly oriented schist | non-foliated
90
Quartzite
metamorphism of pure quartz sandstone new larger quartz grains grains become interlocking glassier
91
Marble
metamorphism of limestone yields marble distinction between grains and cement disappears can be foliated or non foliated
92
metamorphic grade
informal way to indicate the intensity of metamorphism | depends primarily on temp
93
isograd
all points along this line have the same metamorphic grade
94
contact metamorphism
heat from magma causes neighboring rock to undergo metamorphism
95
dynamic metamorphism
shearing and depth along a fault
96
Exhumation
rock caught between two continents is squeezed upward, crust at depth beneath new mountain range warms and becomes plastic, mountain range collapses under its own weight, upper crust thins, then erosion eventually exposes deeper rock
97
shield
broad region of long-lived, stable continental crust where sedimentary cover either wasn't deposited or has been eroded.

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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